ref_all.html

All references

Hirose, N., and K. Fukudome, 2006: Monitoring the Tsushima Warm Current Improves Seasonal Prediction of the Regional Snowfall. Sci. Online Lett. Atmos., 2, 061-063.

Hirose, N., K. Nishimura, and M. Yamamoto, 2009: Observational evidence of a warm ocean current preceding a winter teleconnection pattern in the northwestern Pacific. Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L09705.

Kushnir, Y., W. A. Robinson, I. Blade, N. M. J. Hall, S. Peng, and R. Sutton, 2002: Atmospheric GCM response to extratropical SST anomalies: Synthesis and evaluation. J. Clim. 15, 2233–2256.

Kwon, Y.-O., M. A. Alexander, N. A. Bond, C. Frankignoul, H. Nakamura, B. Qiu, and L. A. Thompson, 2010: Role of the Gulf Stream and Kuroshio-Oyashio Systems in Large-Scale Atmosphere-Ocean Interaction: A Review. J. Clim., 23, 3249-3281.

Seo, H., A. J. Miller, and J. O. Roads, 2007: The Scripps Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Regional (SCOAR) model, with applications in the eastern Pacific sector. J. Clim., 20, 381-402.

Seo, H., A. C. Subramanian, A. J. Miller, and N. R. Cavanaugh, 2014b: Coupled impacts of the diurnal cycle of sea surface temperature on the Madden-Julian Oscillation. J. Clim., under review.

Seo, H., Y.-O. Kwon, and J.-J. Park, 2014a: On the effect of the East/Japan Sea SST variability on the North Pacific atmospheric circulation in a regional climate model. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmospheres, 119, 418-444.

Yamamoto, M., and N. Hirose, 2011: Possible modification of atmospheric circulation over the northwestern Pacific induced by a small semi-enclosed ocean. Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L03804.

Clayson, Carol Anne, Alec S. Bogdanoff, 2013: The Effect of Diurnal Sea Surface Temperature Warming on Climatological Air–Sea Fluxes. J. Climate, 26, 2546–2556.

Findlater, J., 1969. A major low-level air current near the Indian Ocean during the northern summer. Q. J. R. Meteor. Soc. 95, 362–380.

Kantha, L. H., and C. A. Clayson, 1994: An improved mixed layer model for geophysical applications. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 25 235–25 266.

Kantha, L.H, C.A. Clayson, 2004, On the effect of surface gravity waves on mixing in the oceanic mixed layer, Ocean Modelling 6 (2004) 101–124.

Large, W. G., J. C. McWilliams, and S. C. Doney, 1994: Oceanic vertical mixing: a review and a model with a nonlocal boundary layer parameterization, Rev. Geophys., 32, 363-403.

Mellor, G. L. and T. Yamada, 1982: Developement of a turbulence closure model for geophysical fluid problems, Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 20, 851-875.

Schott, F., Fischer, J., Garternicht, U., Quadfasel, D., 1997. Summer monsoon response of the Northern Somali Current 1995. Geophys. Res. Lett. 24, 2565– 2568

Seo, H., R. Murtugudde, M. Jochum and A.J. Miller, 2008: Modeling of mesoscale coupled ocean-atmosphere interaction and its feedback to ocean in the western Arabian Sea. Ocean Modell., 25, 120-131.

Seo, H., S.-P. Xie, R. Murtugudde, M. Jochum, and A. J. Miller, 2009: Seasonal effects of Indian Ocean freshwater forcing in a regional coupled model. J. Climate, 22, 6577-6596, DOI: 10.1175/2009JCLI2990.1

Seo, H., A. C. Subramanian, A. J. Miller, and N. R. Cavanaugh. Coupled impacts of the diurnal cycle of sea surface temperature on the Madden-Julian Oscillation. J. Climate. Under Revision

Shukla, J., 1975. Effect of Arabian Sea-surface temperature anomaly on Indian summer monsoon: a numerical experiment with the GFDL model. J. Atmos. Sci. 32, 503–511.

Umlauf, L., H. Burchard, 2003: A generic length-scale equation for geophysical turbulence models, J. Marine Res., 61, 235-265.

Annamalai, H., K. Hamilton, K. R. Sperber, 2007: The South Asian Summer Monsoon and Its Relationship with ENSO in the IPCC AR4 Simulations. J. Climate, 20, 1071–1092.
Brink, K., R. Arnone, P. Coble, C. Flagg, B. Jones, J. Kindle, C. Lee, D. Phinney, M. Wood, C. Yentsch, and D. Young, 1998. Monsoons boost biological productivity in Arabian Sea. Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, 79(13), 165, 168-169.
Fischer, A.S., R.A. Weller, D.L. Rudnick, C.C. Eriksen, C.M. Lee, K.H. Brink, C.A. Fox and R.R. Leben, 2002: Mesoscale eddies, coastal upwelling, and the upper-ocean heat budget in the Arabian Sea. Deep-Sea Res. II, 49,2231-2264.
*Moore, A. M., H. G Arango, E. Di Lorenzo, B. D. Cornuelle, A. J. Miller and D. J. Neilson, 2004: A comprehensive ocean prediction and analysis system based on the tangent linear and adjoint of a regional ocean model. Ocean Modelling, 7, 227-258.
*Moore, A.M., H.G. Arango, E. Di Lorenzo, A.J. Miller and B.D. Cornuelle, 2009: An adjoint sensitivity analysis of the southern portion of the California Current circulation and ecosystem. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 39, 702-720.
*Seo, H., A. J. Miller and J. O Roads, 2007: The Scripps Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Regional (SCOAR) model, with applications in the eastern Pacific sector, J. Climate, 20, 381-402.
Seo, H., R. Murtugudde, M. Jochum and A. J. Miller, 2008: Modeling of mesoscale coupled ocean-atmosphere interaction and its feedback to ocean in the western Arabian Sea. Ocean Modell., 25, 120-131.
Seo, H., S.-P. Xie, R. Murtugudde, M. Jochum and A. J. Miller, 2009: Seasonal effects of Bay of Bengal barrier layer dynamics in a regional coupled model. J. Climate, 22, 6577-6596..
*Seo, H., A. C. Subramanian, A. J. Miller, and N. R. Cavanaugh, 2014: Coupled impacts of the diurnal cycle of sea surface temperature on the Madden-Julian Oscillation. J. Climate, Under Revision
Shenoi, S.S.C., D. Shankar, and S. R. Shetye, 2002: Differences in heat budgets of the near-surface Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal: Implications for the summer monsoon, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 3052.
Vinayachandran P.N., D. Shankar, J. Kurian, F. Durand and S. S. C. Shenoi, 2007: Arabian Sea mini warm pool and the monsoon onset vortex. Current Sci., 93, 203 – 214.
Vecchi, G., S.-P. Xie, A. Fischer, 2004: Ocean-atmosphere covariability in the western Arabian sea. J. Climate 17, 1213-1224
Wang, B., Q. Ding, X. Fu, I.-S. Kang, K. Jin, J. Shukla, and F. Doblas-Reyes, 2005: Fundamental challenge in simulation and prediction of summer monsoon rainfall. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L15711.
Weller, R.A., A.S. Fischer, D.L. Rudnick, C.C. Eriksen, T.D. Dickey, J. Marra, C.A. Fox and R.R. Leben, 2002: Moored observations of upper ocean response to the monsoon in the Arabian Sea during 1994–1995. Deep-Sea Res., 49, 2195–2230.

Anderson, S. P., R.A. Weller, and R. B. Lukas, 1996. Surface buoyancy forcing and the mixed layer of the Western Pacific Warm Pool: Observations and 1-D model results. Journal of Climate, 9(12), 3056- 3085.
Bellenger, Y. N., Takayabu, T. Ushiyama, and K. Yoneyama, 2010: Role of diurnal warm layers in the diurnal cycle of convection over the tropical Indian Ocean during MISMO. Mon. Wea. Rev., 138, 2426– 2433.
Bernie, D., E. Guilyardi, G. Madec, J. Slingo, and S. Woolnough, 2007: Impact of resolving the diurnal cycle in an ocean–atmosphere GCM. Part 1: A diurnally forced OGCM. Clim. Dyn., 29, 575–590.
Canuto, V.M, A. Howard, Y. Cheng, and M.S. Dubovikov, 2001: Ocean Turbulence. Part I: One point closure model-momentum and heat vertical diffusivities. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 31, 1413-1426.
Chi, Nan-Hsun, Ren-Chieh Lien, Eric A. D’Asaro and Barry B. Ma (2014), The surface mixed layer heat budget from mooring observations in the Central Indian Ocean during Madden-Julian oscillation events, DOI: 10.1002/2014JC010192.
de Szoeke, S., and J.B. Edson 2014: Intraseasonal Air-sea Interaction and Convection Observed in DYNAMO/CINDY/AMIE. Submitted for publication in “The Global Monsoon System III”, WMO.
Deardorff, J. W., 1972 Theoretical expression for the counter gradient vertical heat flux. J Geophys. Res., 77, 5900-5904.
Denman, K. L., 1973: A time-dependent model of the upper ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 3, 173-184. Edson, J. B., V. Jampana, R. A. Weller, S. P. Bigorre, A. J. Plueddemann, C. W. Fairall, Scott D. Miller, L. Mahrt, D. Vickers, and H. Hersbach, 2013: On the Exchange of Momentum over the Open Ocean. J.
Phys. Oceanogr., 43, 1589–1610. Fairall, C. W., E. F. Bradley, D. P. Rogers, J. B. Edson, and G. S. Young, 1996: Bulk parameterization of
air–sea fluxes for TOGA COARE. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 3747–3764 Fairall, C. W., E. F. Bradley, J. E. Hare, A. A. Grachev, and J. B. Edson, 2003: Bulk parameterization of
air–sea fluxes: Updates and verification for the COARE algorithm. J. Climate, 16, 571–591. Flatau, M., P. J. Flatau, P. Phoebus, and P. P. Niiler, 1997: The feedback between equatorial convection and local radiative and evaporative processes: The implication for intraseasonal oscillations. J. Atmos.
Sci., 54, 2373–2386. Fu X, Wang B, Waliser D.E., Tao L. 2007. Impact of atmosphere–ocean coupling on the predictability of
monsoon intraseasonal oscillations. J. Atmos. Sci. 64: 157–174. Hendon, H.H., and B. Liebmann, 1990: A composite study of onset of the Australian monsoon. J. Atmos.
Sci., 47, 2227-2240. Hendon, H. H., B. Liebmann, M. Newman, J. D. Glick, and J. Schemm, 2000: Medium range forecast
errors associated with active episodes of the Madden–Julian oscillation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 69–86. Hung, M.-P., J-L Lin, W. Wang, D. Kim, T. Shinoda, and S. J. Weaver 2013: MJO and Convectively
Coupled Equatorial Waves Simulated by CMIP5 Climate Models J. Climate, 26, 6185-6214. Huyer, A., P. M. Kosro, R. Lukas, P Hacker 1997 Upper ocean thermohaline fields near 2°S, 156°E, during the Tropical Ocean-Global Atmosphere Response Experiment, November 1992 to February
1993. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 12,749-12,784. Katsaros, K. B., and A. Soloviev, 2004 Vanishing horizontal sea surface temperature gradients at low
wind speeds, 112, 381-396. Kara, A. B., P.A. Rochford, H. E. Hurlburt, 2000: Efficient and Accurate Bulk Parameterizations of Air–
Sea Fluxes for Use in General Circulation Models. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 17, 1421–1438. Kara, A. B., H.E. Hurlburt, A.J. Wallcraft, 2005: Stability-Dependent Exchange Coefficients for Air–Sea
Fluxes. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 22, 1080–1094. Kemball-Cook S, Wang B, Fu X. 2002. Simulation of the ISO in the ECHAM4 model: The impact of
coupling with an ocean model. J. Atmos. Sci. 59: 1433–1453. Kraus, E. B., and J. S. Turner, 1967 A one-dimensional model of the seasonal thermocline: II. The
general theory and its consequences. Tellus, 19, 98-106. Large, W. G., J. C. McWilliams and S. C. Doney, 1994 Oceanic vertical mixing: Review and a model
with a nonlocal boundary layer parameterization. Rev. Geophys., 32, 363-403. 23
Li, Y., W. Han, T. Shinoda, C. Wang, M. Ravichandran, J.-W. Wang, 2014: Revisiting the Wintertime Intraseasonal SST Variability in the Tropical South Indian Ocean: Impact of the Ocean Interannual Variation. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 1886-1907.
Li, Y., W. Han, T. Shinoda, C. Wang, R.-C. Lien, J.N. Moum, and J.W. Wang, 2013: Effects of Solar Radiation Diurnal Cycle on the Tropical Indian Ocean Mixed Layer Variability during Wintertime Madden-Julian Oscillation Events. J. Geophys. Res., DOI:10.1002/jgrc.20395.
Liebmann, B., H. H. Hendon, and J. D. Glick, 1994: The relationnship between tropical cyclones of the estern Pacific and Indian Oceans and the MJO. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 72, 401-411.
Lin, J. L., T. Qian, and T. Shinoda, 2014: Stratocumulus Clouds in Southeastern Pacific Simulated by Seven CMIP5/CFMIP Global Climate Models, J. Climate, 3000-3022.
Liu, W.T, K.B. Katsaros and J.A. Businger, 1979: Bulk parameterization of the air-sea exchange of heat and water vapor including the molecular constraints at the interface, J. Atmos. Sci. 36, 1722-1735.
Madden, R.A.; Julian, P.R. 1972: Description of global-scale circulation cells in the tropics with a 40–50 day period. J. Atmos. Sci., 29, 1109–1123.
Mahrt, L, and W. Gibson 1992 Flux decomposition into coherent structures. Boundary Layer Meteorol., 60, 143-168.
Mailhot, J., and Benoit, 1982 A finite-element model of the atmospheric boundary layer suitable for use with numerical weather prediction models. J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 2249-2266.
Matt, S., A. Fujimura, A. Soloviev, S.H. Rhee, and R. Romeiser (2014). Fine-scale features on the sea surface in SAR satellite imagery. Part II: Numerical modeling. Ocean Science, 10, 427-438, doi:10.5194/os-10-427-2014.
Mehra, A., and I. Rivin, 2010: A Real Time Ocean Forecast System for the North Atlantic Ocean. Atmos. Ocean. Sci., Vol. 21, No. 1, 211-228, February 2010
Mellor, G. L., and T. Yamada 1982 Development of a turbulence closure model for geophysical fluid problems., Rev. Geophys., 20, 851-875.
Monin, A. S., and Yaglom 1971 Statistical Fluid Mechanics, vol. 1 MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass. O’Brien, J. J. 1970 A note on the vertical structure of the eddy exchange coefficient in the planetary
boundary layer. J. Atmos. Sci., 27, 1213-1215. Pacanowski, R. C., and S. G. H. Philander, 1981 Parameterization of vertical mixing in numerical models
of tropical oceans., J. Phys. Oceanogr., 11, 1443-1451. Peters, H., M. C. Gregg, and J. M. Toole, 1988 On the parameterization of equatorial turbulence, J.
Geophys. Res., 93, 1199-1218. Pierson, W. J., and L. Moskowitz, 1964 A proposed spectral form for fully developed wind seas based on
the similarity theory of S. A. Kitaigorodsky., J. Geophys. Res., 69, 5181-5190. Price, J, R. Weller and R. Pinkel 1986 Diurnal cycling: Observations and models of the upper ocean
response to diurnal heating, cooling and wind mixing, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 8411-8427. Ray, P., C. Zhang, J. Dudhia, and S. S. Chen, 2009 A Numerical Case Study on the Initiation of the
Madden–Julian Oscillation. J. Atmos. Sci., 66, 310–331. Ray, P., and C. Zhang, 2010 A Case Study on the Mechanisms of Extratropical Influence on the Madden-
Julian Oscillation. J. Atm. Sci., 67, 515-528. Schudlich, R.R. and Price, J.F., 1992. Diurnal cycles of current, temperature, and turbulent dissipation in
a model of the equatorial upper ocean. J. of Geophys. Res. 97, 5409–5422. Seo, H., A. C. Subramanian, A. J. Miller, and N. R. Cavanaugh, 2014: Coupled impacts of the diurnal
cycle of sea surface temperature on the Madden-Julian Oscillation. J. Climate, (in press). doi:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00141.1 Shinoda, T., 2005: Impact of the Diurnal Cycle of Solar Radiation on Intraseasonal SST Variability in the
Western Equatorial Pacific. J. Climate, 18, 2628–2636. Shinoda, T., and W. Han 2005: Influence of Indian Ocean dipole on atmospheric subseasonal varability.
J. Climate, 18, 3891-3909. Shinoda, T, and J-L. Lin, 2009: Interannual variability of the upper ocean in the southeast Pacific stratus
cloud region. J. Climate, 22, 5072-5087.
24
Shinoda, T, and H. H. Hendon 1998 Mixed layer modeling of intraseasonal variability in the tropical western Pacific and Indian Oceans. J. Climate, 11, 2668-2685.
Shinoda, T, and H. H. Hendon 2001 Upper ocean heat budget in response to the Madden-Julian Oscillation in the western equatorial Pacific. J. Climate, 14, 4147-4165.
Shinoda, T, H. H. Hendon and J. Glick 1998 Intraseasonal variability of surface fluxes and sea surface temperature in the tropical western Pacific and Indian Oceans. J. Climate, 11, 1685-1702.
Shinoda, T., T. Jensen, M. Flatau, and S. Chen 2013a: Surface wind and upper ocean variability associated with the Madden-Julian Oscillation simulated by the Coupled Ocean/Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS), Mon. Wea. Rev., 141, 2290-2307.
Shinoda, T,. Jensen, M. Flatau, S. Chen, W. Han, C. Wang 2013b: Large-scale oceanic variability during the CINDY/DYNAMO field campaign from satellite observations. Remote Sensing, 5, 2072-2092.
Shinoda, T., and R. Lukas 1995 Lagrangian mixed layer modeling of the western equatorial Pacific. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 2523-2541.
Skyllingstad, E., W. D. Smyth, J. N. Moum, and H. Wijesekera 1999 Upper-ocean turbulence during a westerly wind burst: A comparison of Large-Eddy simulation results and microstructure measurements. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 29, 5-27.
Soloviev, A. V., 1990 Coherent structure at the ocean surface in convectively unstable conditions. Nature, 346, 157-160.
Soloviev, A. and R. Lukas, 1997a Observation of large diurnal warming events in the near-surface layer of the western equatorial Pacific, Deep-Sea Research, 44, part A, 1055-1076.
Soloviev, A. and R. Lukas, 1997b Sharp frontal interfaces in near-surface layer of the ocean in the western Pacific warm pool. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 27, 999-1017.
Soloviev, A., and P. Schluessel, 1996 Evolution of cool skin and direct air-sea gas transfer coefficient during daytime, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 77, 45-68.
Soloviev, A., and P. Schluessel, 1999 An observation of the fine thermohaline strcture and dissolved oxygen profiles in the near-surface layer of the ocean, supplemet to EOS, Transactions, April 27, S50.
Soloviev, A., N. V. Vershinsky, and V. A. Bezverchnii, 1988 Small-scale turbulence measurements in the thin surface layer of the ocean. Deep Sea Res., 35, 1859-1874.
Soloviev, A., R. Lukas and P. Hacker 2001: An approach to parameterization of oceanic turbulent boundary layer in the western Pacific warm pool. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 4421-4435.
Soloviev, A., S. Matt, and A. Fujimura 2014: 3D Dynamics of Freshwater Lenses in the Near-Surface Layer of the Ocean. TOS Special Issue on Sea Surface Salinity, submitted.
Soomere T., and Zilitinkevich, S.S., 2002 Supplement to “Third-order transport due to internal waves and non-local turbulence in the stably stratified surface layer”. Quart, J. Roy. Met. Soc., 128, 1029-1031.
Stull, R. B. 1984 Transilient turbulence theory. Part 1: The concept of eddy mixing across finite differences. J. Atmos. Sci. 41, 3351-3367.
Stull, R. B. and E. B. Kraus 1987 The transilient model of the upper ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 92 10745- 10755.
Vintzileos, A., 2009: DYNAMO Planning Workshop, Boulder, Colorado, https://www.eol.ucar.edu/projects/dynamo/meetings/200904/presentations/2.2_Vintzileos.pdf
Waliser, D. E., R. Murtugudde, and L. E. Lucas, 2003: Indo-Pacific Ocean response to atmospheric intraseasonal variability: 1. Austral summer and the Madden–Julian oscillation. J. Geophys. Res., 108, 3160, doi:10.1029/2002JC001620.
Wang, W., M.-P. Hung, S. J. Weaver, A. Kumar,and X. Fu, 2013: MJO prediction in the NCEP Climate Forecast System version 2. Clim. Dyn., DOI 10.1007/s00382-013-1806-9.
Webster, P.J. and R. Lukas, 1992: TOGA COARE: The Coupled Ocean—Atmosphere Response Experiment. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 73, 1377–1416.
Webster, P. J., C. A. Clayson, and J. A. Curry, 1996: Clouds, radiation, and the diurnal cycle of sea surface temperature in the tropical western Pacific Ocean, J. Clim., 9, 1712–1730.
Weickmann, K. M., G. R. Lussky, and J. E. Kutzbach, 1985: Intraseasonal fluctuations of outgoing longwave radiation and 250mb streamfunction during northern winter. Mon. Wea. Rev., 113, 941-961
25
Weller, R.A. and S.P. Anderson, 1996: Surface meteorology and air-sea fluxes in the western equatorial Pacific warm pool during the TOGA Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment. J. Climate, 9, 1959-1990.
Weller, R. A. and J. F. Price 1988 Langmuir circulation within the oceanic mixed layer. Deap Sea Res., 35, part A, 711-747.
Woods, J. D., and W. Barkman 1986: The response of the upper ocean to solar heating I: The mixed layer. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 112, 1-27.
Woolnough, S. J., J. M. Slingo, and B. J. Hoskins, 2000: The relationship between convection and sea surface temperature on intraseasonal time-scales, J. Climate, 13, 2086–2104.
Woolnough, S. J., J. M. Slingo, and B. J. Hoskins, 2001: The organization of tropical convection by intraseasonal sea surface temperature anomalies. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 127, 887–907.
Yu, L., and R. A. Weller, 2007: Objectively Analyzed Air–Sea Heat Fluxes for the Global Ice-Free Oceans (1981–2005). Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 88, 527–539.
Zaron, E., and J. Moum 2009: A New Look at Richardson Number Mixing Schemes for Equatorial Ocean Modeling. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 39, 2652-2664.
Zhang, C., 2005: Madden-Julian oscillation. Rev. Geophysics, 43,RG2003, doi:10.1029/2004RG000158. Zhang, C., and S. P., Anderson, Sensitivity of Intraseasonal Perturbations in SST to the Structure of the
MJO, 60, 2196-2206, 2003. Zheng, Y., T. Shinoda, G. N. Kiladis, J-L Lin, E. J. Metzger, H. E. Hurlburt, and B. S. Giese 2010:
Upper-ocean processes under the stratus cloud deck in the southeast Pacific Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr.,
40, 103-120. Zheng, Y., J-L Lin, and T. Shinoda 2012: The Equatorial Cold Tongue Simulated by IPCC AR4 Coupled
GCMs: Upper Ocean Heat Budget and Feedback Analysis, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 117, C05024
doi:1029/2011JC007746. Zheng, Y., T. Shinoda, J-L Lin, G. N. Kiladis, 2011: Sea Surface Temperature Biases under the Stratus
Cloud Deck in the Southeast Pacific Ocean in 19 IPCC AR4 Coupled General Circulation Models., J.
Climate, 24, 4139-4164. Zilitinkevich, S., 2002 Third-order transport due to internal waves and non-local turbulence in the stably
stratified surface layer. Quart, J. Roy. Met. Soc. 128, 913-925. Zilitinkevich, S.S. and P.Calanca 2000 An extended similarity theory for the stably stratified atmospheric
surface layer. Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc., 126, 1913-1923.

Aagaard, K. 1981: On the deep circulation in the Arctic ocean, Deep Sea Res., 28A(3), 251-268.
Aagaard. K., The Beaufort Undercurrent, in The Alaskan Beaufort Sea: The Ecosystems and Environment, edited by P. Barnes and E. Reimnitz, pp. 47-71., Academic Press, New York, 1984.
Adcroft, A. J., J-M. Campin, C. Hill, and J. Marshall, 2004: Implementation of an atmosphere–ocean general circulation model on the expanded spherical cube. Mon. Wea. Rev., 132, 2845–2863.
ACIA, 2005: Impacts of a Warming Climate: Arctic Climate Impact Assessment, 140 pp., Cambridge Univ. Press, New York.
Atkinson, D. E., 2005: Observed storminess patterns and trends in the circum-Arctic coastal regime. Geo-Mar. Lett., 25 (2–3), 98–109.
Bareiss, J., and K. Gorgen 2005:, Spatial and temporal variability of sea ice in the Laptev Sea: Analyses and review of satellite passive-microwave data and model results, 1979 to 2002, Global Planet. Change, 48, 28– 54.
Bromwich, D. H., K. M. Hines, and L.-S. Bai, 2009: Development and testing of Polar WRF: 2. Arctic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D08122, doi:10.1029/2008JD010300.
Brower, W. A., Jr., H. W. Searby, J. L. Wise, H. F. Diaz, and A. S. Prechtel, 1977: Climatic atlas of the outer continental shelf waters and coastal regions of Alaska, 443 pp., Arctic Environ. Inform. And Data Center, Anchorage, Alas.
Brown, R. A. 1981: Modeling the Geostrophic Drag Coefficient for AIDJEX. J. Geophys. Res., 86, 1989-1994.
Brown, J., and S. Solomon, 2000: Arctic Coastal Dynamics: report of an international workshop, Woods Hole, Massachusetts. Geological Survey of Canada Open File Report.
Brunner, R.D., A. H. Lynch, J. Pardikes, E. N. Cassano, F. Lestak, J. Vogel. 2004: An Arctic disaster and its policy implications. Arctic, 57, 336–346
Chelton, D .B., M. Schlax, M. H. Freilich and R. F. Milliff 2004: Satellite measurements reveal persistent small-scale features in ocean winds. Science, 303, 978–983.
Chelton,D.B., and S.-P. Xie, 2010: Coupled ocean-atmosphere interaction at oceanic mesoscales. Oceanogr., 23, 52-69.
Chen, C., G. Gao, J. Qi, A. Proshutinsky, R. C. Beardsley, Z. Kowalik, H. Lin, and G. Cowles 2009: A new high-resolution unstructured grid finite volume Arctic Ocean model (AO-FVCOM): An application for tidal studies, J. Geophys. Res., 114, C08017.
Dee, D.P, and coauthors, 2011: The ERA-Interim reanalysis: configuration and performance of the data assimilation system. Quart. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 137, 553-597.
Dmitriev, N. E., A. Y. Proshutinsky, T. B. Loyning, and T. Vinje 1991: Tidal ice dynamics in the area of Svalbard and Frans Josef Land, Polar Res., 9, 193– 205.
Dmitrenko, I. A., S. A. Kirillov, V. V. Ivanov, B. Rudels, N. Serra, and N. V. Koldunov 2012: Modified halocline water over the Laptev Sea continental margin: Historical data analysis. J. Climate, 25, 5556–5565.
Dmitrenko, I., J. Holemann, S. Kirillov, S. Berezovskaya, D. Ivanova, H. Eicken, and H. Kassens, 2002: Transformation of baroclinic tidal internal waves under landfast ice on the Laptev Sea Shelf. Transaction of the Russian Academy of Science,. 385, 1-6.
Dmitrenko, I., J. Holemann, S. Kirillov, S. Berezovskaya, D. Ivanova, H. Eicken, and H. Kassens, 2003: Sea ice impact on the periodical shallow water dynamics in the Laptev Sea (Siberian Arctic), In: Ice in the Environment: Proceedings of the 16th IAHR International Symposium on Ice, Dunedin, New Zealand, 2-6 December 2002, 77-82.
Egbert, G. D., A. F. Bennett, and M. G. G. Foreman 1994: Topex/Poseidon tides estimated using a global inverse model. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 24821-24852.
Egbert. G. D., and S. Y. Erofeeva 2002: Efficient inverse modeling of barotropic ocean tides, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 19, 183-204.
Emery, W.J., and R.E. Thomson, 2001: Data Analysis Methods in Physical Oceanography, 2nd and Revised Edition, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 638 p.
Foldvik, A., Aagaard K. and T. Torresen. 1988: On the velocity field of the East Greenland Current. Deep-Sea Res.,, 35(8), 1335-1354.
Forbes, D.L. (editor). 2011: State of the Arctic Coast 2010 – Scientific Review and Outlook. International Arctic Science Committee, Land-Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zone, Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme, International Permafrost Association. Helmholtz-Zentrum, Geesthacht, Germany, 178 p. http://arcticcoasts.org
Foreman, M. G. G., 1977: Manual for Tidal Heights Analysis and Prediction. Pacific Marine Science Report 77-10, Institute of Ocean Sciences, Patricia Bay, Sidney, B.C., 58 pp. (2004 revision).
Foreman, M. G. G., 1978: Manual for tidal currents analysis and prediction, Pacific Marine Dcience Report, 78-6, Institute of Ocean Sciences, Sidney, British Columbia, Canada, 57 pp.
Foreman, M. G. G., W. R. Crawford, and R. F. Marsden, De-tiding: Theory and practice, in Quantitative Skill Assessment for Coastal Ocean Models, Coastal and Estuarine Studies, Vol. 47, pp.203-239, Am. Geophys. Un., 1995.
Forman, S. L., and G. L. Johnson, eds., 1998: Prospectus for the Russian-American Initiative on Shelf-Land Environments in the Arctic (RAISE). Arctic Research Consortium of the United States, Fairbanks, Alaska, 50pp.
Gao, G., C. Chen, J. Qi and R. C. Beardsley, 2011: An unstructured-grid, finite-volume sea ice model (UG-CICE): development, validation and applications. J. Geophys. Res., 116, C00D04, doi: 10.1029/2010JC04282011.
GidrographicheskoUep ravlenieV MF SSSR, Tables of tides (in Russian), vol. 2, Harmonic constants for tide prediction, 295 pp., Leningrad, 1941.
Gonella, J., 1972: A rotary-component method for analysing meteorological and oceanographic vector time series, Deep-Sea Res., 19, 833-846.
Guest, P. S., J. W. Glendening, and K. L. Davidson, 1995:An Observational and Numerical Study of Wind Stress Variations within Marginal Ice Zones. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 10,887–10,904.
Hakkinen, S., A. Proshutinsky, and I. Ashik, 2008: Ice drift in the Arctic since the 1950s. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L19704.
Harper, J. R., R. F. Henry, and G. G. Stewart. 1988: Maximum storm surge elevations in the Tuktoyaktuk region of the Canadian Beaufort Sea. Arctic, 41, 48-52.
Heaps, N. S. and R. F. Henry, 1976: Storm surges in the Southern Beaufort Sea, J. Fish. Res. Board Can., 33(10), 2362-2370.
Heil, P., W. D. Hibler, 2002: Modeling the High-Frequency Component of Arctic Sea-Ice Drift and Deformation. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 32 (11), 3039-3057.
Heimbach, P., D. Menemenlis, M. Losch, J.-M. Campin, and C. Hill, 2010: On the formulation of sea-ice models. Part 2: Lessons from multi-year adjoint sea-ice export sensitivities through the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Ocean Modell., 33(1-2), 145–158.
Henry, R. F., 1974: Storm surges in the southern Beaufort Sea, Internal Report, 41 pp., Beaufort Sea Proj., Inst. of Ocean Sci., Patricia Bay, Sidney, B.C., Canada.
Henry, O., P. Prandi, W. Llovel, A. Cazenave, S. Jevrejeva, D. Stammer, B. Meyssignac, and N. Koldunov, 2012: Tide gauge-based sea level variations since 1950 along the Norwegian and Russian coasts of the Arctic Ocean: Contribution of the steric and mass components, J. Geophys. Res., 117, C06023, doi:10.1029/2011JC007706.
Hines, K. M., and D. H. Bromwich, 2008: Development and testing of Polar WRF. Part I: Greenland Ice Sheet meteorology. Mon. Wea. Rev., 136, 1971–1989.
Holloway, G., and A. Proshutinsky, 2007: Role of tides in Arctic ocean/ice climate. J. Geophys. Res., 112, C04S06, doi:10.1029/2006JC003643.
Holloway, G., A. Nguyen, and Z. Wang, 2011: Oceans and ocean models as seen by current meters. J. Geophys. Res., 116, C00D08. doi:10.1029/2011JC007044.
Hoskins, B. J., and P. J. Valdes, 1990: On the existence of storm tracks. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 1854–1864.
Hunke, E. C., and M. M. Holland, 2007: Global atmospheric forcing data for Arctic ice-ocean modeling, J. Geophys. Res., 112, C04S14, doi:10.1029/2006JC003640.
Johnson, M., and co-authors, 2012: Evaluation of Arctic sea ice thickness simulated by Arctic Ocean Model Intercomparison Project models, J. Geophys. Res., 117, C00D13.
Hydrographer of the Navy, Admiralty Tide Tables, vol. 2, 300 pp., London, 1987.
Koldunov ,N. V. N. Serra, A. Köhl, D. Stammer, and 9 others, 2014: Multi-model Simulations of Arctic Ocean Sea Surface 1 Height Variability in the Period 1970-2009, J. Geophys. Res., submitted.
Kolstad, E. W., 2011: A global climatology of favourable conditions for polar lows. Quart. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 137, 1749-1761.
Kowalik, Z., 1984: Storm surges in the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas, J. Geophys. Res., 89, 10,570-10,578.
Kowalik, Z., and A. Yu. Proshutinsky, 1994: The Arctic Ocean Tides, In: The Polar Oceans and Their Role in Shaping the Global Environment: Nansen Centennial Volume, Geoph. Monograph, 85, AGU, 137-158.
Kozo, T. L. 1991: The hybrid polynya at the northern end of Nares Strait, Geophys. Res. Lett., 18, 2059– 2062.
Kulikov, E. A., Rabinovich, A. B., Carmack, E. C., 2004: Barotropic and baroclinic tidal currents on the Mackenzie Shelf Break in the southeastern Beaufort Sea. . J. Geophys. Res., 109, C05020
Kwok, R., G. F. Cunningham, and W. D. Hibler III, 2003: Subdaily sea ice motion and deformation from RADARSAT observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 2218.
Kwok, R., G. Spreen, and S. Pang, 2013: Arctic sea ice circulation and drift speed: Decadal trends and ocean currents, J. Geophys. Res. – Oceans, 118, 2408–2425.
Lam, F.-P., 1999. Shelf waves with diurnal tidal frequency at the Greenland shelf edge, Deep-Sea Res, I, 46, 895-923.
Lesack, L. F. W., and P. Marsh, 2007: Lengthening plus shortening of river-to-lake connection times in the Mackenzie River Delta respectively via two global change mechanisms along the arctic coast, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L23404.
Lindsay, R. W., 2010: A new sea ice thickness climate data record, Eos, 44, 405–406.
Lindzen, R. S., Nigam, S., 1987: On the role of sea surface temperature gradients in forcing low level winds and convergence in the tropics. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 2418–2436.
Lintern, D. G., R. W. Macdonald, S. M. Solomon, and H. Jakes, 2011: Beaufort Sea storm and resuspension modeling, J. Mar. Syst., 127, 14-25.
Litke, F. 1844. On tides in the Great North Sea and Ice-Covered Sea. Zapiski Hydrograficheskogo Departamenta Morskogo Ministerstva, ch.2, p. 353-376. (In Russian).
Liu, W. T., X. Xie and P. P. Niiler, 2007: Ocean–Atmosphere Interaction over Agulhas Extension Meanders. J. Climate, 20, 5784-5797.
LOIRA, 2000: Land-ocean interactions in the Russian Arctic: Implementation plan, Moscow/Oslo-2000. International Arctic Science Committee, Oslo, Norway, 43pp.
Losch, M., D. Menemenlis, J.-M. Campin, P. Heimbach, P., C. Hill, 2010: On the formulation of sea-ice models. Part 1: Effects of different solver implementations and parameterizations. Ocean Modell., 33, 129–144.
Lynch, Amanda H., Leanne R. Lestak, Petteri Uotila, Elizabeth N. Cassano, Lian Xie, 2008: A Factorial Analysis of Storm Surge Flooding in Barrow, Alaska. Mon. Wea. Rev., 136, 898–912.
Maas, L. R. M., and J. J. M. van Haren, 1987: Observations on the vertical structure of tidal and inertial currents in the central North Sea, J. Mar. Res., 45, 2, 293-318.
Marshall, J., A. Adcroft, C. Hill, L. Perelman, and C. Heisey, 1997a: A finite-volume, incompressible Navier Stokes model for studies of the ocean on parallel computers, J. Geophys. Res. – Oceans, 102 (C3), 5753–5766.
Marshall, J., C. Hill, L. Perelman, and A. Adcroft (1997b), 671 Hydrostatic, quasi hydrostatic, and nonhydrostatic ocean modeling, J. Geophys. Res. – Oceans, 102 (C3), 5733–5752.
Martin, T., M. Steele, and J. Zhang, 2014: Seasonality and long-term trend of Arctic Ocean surface stress in a model, J. Geophys. Res. – Oceans, 119, 1723–1738.
Menemenlis D., C. Hill, A. Adcroft, J. M. Campin, B. Cheng, B. Ciotti, I. Fukumori, A. Koehl, P. Heimbach, C. Henze, T. Lee, D. Stammer, J. Taft, and J. Zhang, 2005a: NASA supercomputer improves prospects for ocean climate research. Eos, Trans., Amer. Geophys. Union, 86(9), 89.
Menemenlis, D., I. Fukumori, and T. Lee, 2005b: Using Green’s functions to calibrate an ocean general circulation model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 133, 1224-1240.
Mooers, C. N. K., 1973: A technique for the cross spectrum analysis of pairs of complex-valued time series, with emphasis on properties of polarizedcomponents and rotational invariants, Deep-Sea Res., 20, 1129-1141.
Murty, T. S., 1985: Modification of hydrographic characteristics, tides, and normal modes by ice cover, Mar. Geodesy, 9(4), 451-568.
Nansen, F.(ed.) 1902: The Norwegian North Polar Expedition, 1893-1896, Scientific Results, Publ. by Longmans, Green and Co.
National Research Council. Seasonal-to-Decadal Predictions of Arctic Ice: Challenges and Strategies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2012.
National Research Council. The Arctic in the Anthropocene: Emerging Research Questions. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2014a.
National Research Council. Responding to Oil Spills in the U.S. Arctic Marine Environment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2014b.
Nguyen, A. T., Menemenlis, D., and R. Kwok, 2011: Arctic ice-ocean simulation with optimized model parameters: Approach and assessment. J. Geophys. Res., 116, C04025.
Nguyen, A. T., R. Kwok, and D. Menemenlis, 2012: Source and pathway of the western Arctic upper halocline in a data-constrained coupled ocean and ice model. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 42(5), 802–823.
Overeem, I., R. S. Anderson, C. W. Wobus, G. D. Clow, F. E. Urban, and N. Matell, 2011: Sea ice loss enhances wave action at the Arctic coast, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L17503.
Overland, J. E., 1985: Atmospheric boundary layer structure and drag coefficients over sea ice. J. Geophys. Res., 90(C5), 9029–9049.
Overland, J. E., and R. L. Colony, 1994: Geostrophic drag coefficients for the central Arctic derived from Soviet drifting station data. Tellus, 46A, 75-85.
Padman, L., 1995: Small-scale physical processes in the Arctic Ocean. Arctic oceanography: marginal ice zones and continental shelves, Coastal and Estuarine Studies, 49, 97-129.
Padman, L., A. J. Plueddemann, R. D. Muench, and R. Pinkel, 1992: Diurnal tides near the Yermak Plateau, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 12,639-12,652.
Padman, L., and S. Erofeeva, 2004: A barotropic inverse tidal model for the Arctic Ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L02303.
Parsons, A. R., 1995: On the Barents Sea polar front in summer and interpretations of the associated regional oceanography using an Arctic Ocean general circulation model. Ph.D. thesis, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, 185 pp.
Pease, C. H., P. Turet, R. S. Pritchard, and J. E. Overland, 1994: Barents Sea tidal, wind drift, and inertial motion from ARGOS ice buoys during CEAREX, CEAREX report, 134 p.
Pease, C.H., P. Turet, and R.S. Pritchard, 1995: Barents Sea tidal and inertial motions from Argos ice buoys during the Coordinated Eastern Arctic Experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 100 (C12), 24,705-24,718.
Pickart, R.S ., G. W. K. Moore, D. J. Torres, P. S. Fratantoni, R.A. Goldsmith, and J. Yang, 2009: Upwelling on the continental slope of the Alaskan Beaufort Sea: Storms, ice, and oceanographic response. J. Geophys. Res. — Oceans, 114, C00A13.
Pickart, R. S., M. A. Spall, G. W. K. Moore, T. J. Weingartner, R. A. Woodgate, K. Aagaard, and K. Shimada, 2011: Upwelling in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea: Atmospheric forcing and local versus non-local response. Prog. Oceanogr., 88, 78-100.
Pisaric, M .F., J.R. Thienpont, S. V. Kokelj, H. Nesbitt, T. C. Lantz, S. Solomon, and J.P. Smol. 2011: Impacts of a recent storm surge on an Arctic delta ecosystem examined in the context of the last millennium. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(22), 8960-8965.
Plueddemann, A. J., 1992: Internal wave observation from the Arctic environmental drifting buoy, J. Geophys. Res., 97(C8), 12,619-12,638.
Pnyushkov, A. V., I. V. Polyakov, 2012: Observations of Tidally Induced Currents over the Continental Slope of the Laptev Sea, Arctic Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 42, 78–94.
Polyakov, I., E. Dmitriev, and A. Proshutinsky, 1995: Modeling of a three-dimensional structure of the Arctic Ocean M2 tide with a high spatial resolution. Cray Channels, 17(2), p.36.
Prandi, P., M. Ablain, A. Cazenave, and N. Picot, 2012: Sea level variability in the Arctic Ocean observed by satellite altimetry, Ocean Science Discussions, 9, 2375–2401.
Proshutinsky, A. Yu., 1978: On the computation of storm surges in the shelf zone of the Arctic Seas. Soviet Meteorology and Hydrology, No. 8, 54–60, Allerton Press Inc.
Proshutinsky, A. Yu., 1979: Some results of storm surge simulations in the Laptev Sea. Transactions of the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, 361, 87–92 (in Russian).
Proshutinsky, A. Yu., and N. E. Dmitriev, 1983: Opportunity for practical usage of the results of numerical modeling of storm surges. Transactions of the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, 380, 46–49 (in Russian).
Proshutinsky, A. Yu., 1985: Complex method of forecasting of storm surges at the Yenisey river mouth in winter period 2–3 days in advance. Transactions of the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, 389, 78–85 (in Russian).
Proshutinsky, A. Yu., 1986: On the problem of calculating the storm surge fluctuations of sea level and water circulation in the Chukchi Sea. Soviet Meteorologia i Gidrologia, No. 1, 54–61, Allerton Press Inc.
Proshutinsky, A. Yu., 1990: Effects of the ice cover in the models of sea level variations and water circulation. Transactions of the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, 420, 90–104 (in Russian).
Proshutinsky, A. Yu., 1993: Arctic Ocean Sea Level Oscillations. Gidrometeoizdat, St. Petersburg, 216 pp. (in Russian).
Proshutinsky, A., V. Pavlov, and R. H. Bourke, 2001: Sea level rise in the Arctic Ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28(11), 2237–2240, doi:10.1029/2000GL012760.
Proshutinsky, A., I. M. Ashik, E. N. Dvorkin, S. Häkkinen, R. A. Krishfield, and W. R. Peltier, 2004: Secular sea level change in the Russian sector of the Arctic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 109, C03042, doi:10.1029/2003JC002007.
Proshutinsky, A., Y. Yang, R. Gerdes, M. Karcher, F. Kauker, S. Hakkinen, W. Hibler, D. Holland, M. Maqueda, G. Holloway, E. Hunke, W. Maslowski, M. Steele, J. Zhang, 2005: Arctic Ocean Study – Synthesis of Model Results and Observations. Eos Trans. AGU, 86, 4.
Proshutinsky, A., I. Ashik, S. Häkkinen, E. Hunke, R. Krishfield, M. Maltrud, W. Maslowski, and J. Zhang, 2007a: Sea level variability in the Arctic Ocean from AOMIP models, J. Geophys. Res., 112, C04S08, doi:10.1029/2006JC003916.
Proshutinsky, A., et al., 2007b: The Arctic Ocean, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 89, supplement, S86–S89.
Proshutinsky, A., K. Dethloff, R. Doescher, J. C. Gascard, and F. Kauker, 2008: Toward Reducing Uncertainties in Arctic Climate Simulations, Eos Trans. AGU, 89, 16, doi:10.1029/2008EO160002.
Proshutinsky, A., Y. Aksenov, J. Clement Kinney, R. Gerdes, E. Golubeva, D. Holland, G. Holloway, A. Jahn, M. Johnson, E. Popova, M. Steele, and E. Watanabe, 2011: Recent advances in Arctic ocean studies employing models from the Arctic Ocean Model Intercomparison Project. Oceanography 24(3), 102–113.
Proshutinsky, A., et al., 2011: The Arctic (Ocean), Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 92(6), supplement, S145–S148.
Rampal, P., J. Weiss, and D. Marsan, 2009: Positive trend in the mean speed and deformation rate of Arctic sea ice, 1979–2007, J. Geophys. Res., 114, C05013.
Rasmussen, E.A. and J. Turner, 2003: Polar Lows. Cambridge University Press, 612p. ISBN 0 521 62430 4.
Reimnitz, F., and D. K. Maurer, 1979: Effect of storm surge on the Beaufort Sea coast, northern Alaska, Arctic, 32, 329-344.
Screen, J. A. and I Simmonds, 2010: The central role of diminishing ice in recent Arctic temperature amplification. Nature, 464, 1334–1337.
Semtner, A. J. and R. M. Chervin, 1988: A simulation of the global ocean circulation with resolved eddies. J. Geophys. Res., 93, 15,502-15,522.
Seo, H., A. J. Miller, and J. O. Roads 2007a: The Scripps Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Regional (SCOAR) model, with applications in the eastern Pacific sector, J. Climate, 20, 381–40.
Seo, H., M. Jochum, R. Murtugudde, A. J. Miller, and J. O. Roads, 2007b: Feedback of tropical instability wave-induced atmospheric variability onto the ocean, J. Climate, 20, 5842–5855, doi:10.1175/JCLI4330.1.
Seo, H., R. Murtugudde, M. Jochum, and A. J. Miller, 2008: Modeling of Mesoscale Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction and its Feedback to Ocean in the Western Arabian Sea. Ocean Modell., 25,120-131.
Seo, H. and J. Yang, 2013: Dynamical response of the Arctic atmospheric boundary layer process to uncertainties in ice concentration J. Geophys. Res.,-Atmosphere, 118, 12,383-12,402, DOI: 10.1002/2013JD020312.
Shum, C.K., and many others 1997: Accuracy assessment of recent ocean tide models, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 25,173-25,194.
Sorteberg, A. and J.ohn E. Walsh, 2008: Seasonal cyclone variability at 70°N and its impact on moisture transport into the Arctic. Tellus, 60A, 570–586.
Spreen, G., R. Kwok, and D. Menemenlis, 2011: Trends in Arctic ice drift and role of wind forcing: 1992–2009. Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L19501, doi:10.1029/2011GL048970.
Stammer, D., R. D. Ray, O.B. Andersen, B. K. Arbic, W. Bosch, L. Carrere, Y. Cheng, B. D. Dushaw, G. D. Egbert, S. Y. Erofeeva, H. S. Fok, M. Green, S. Griffiths, B. Killer, M. A. King, F. G. Lemoine, S. B. Luthcke, F. Lyard, M. Müller, L. Padman, J.G. Richman, J.F. Shriver, C. K. Shum, E. Taguchi, Y. Yi 2014: Accuracy Assessment of Global Ocean Tide Models (submitted after revision), Reviews of Geophysics.
Schafer, P.J., 1966. Computation of a storm surge at Barrow, Alaska. Archives for Meteorology, Geophysics, and Bioclimatology, Series A, 15, 372-393.
Shaw, J., R. B. Taylor, S. Solomon, H. A. Christian, and D. L. Forbes, 1998. Potential impacts of global sea level rise on Canadian coasts. The Canadian Geographre, 42, 365-379.
Sverdrup, H. U. 1926: Dynamics of tides on the Northern Siberian Shelf, Geophys. Publ., 4,5, Oaslo, Norway, 76pp.
Vermaire, J. C., M. F. J. Pisaric, J. R. Thienpont, C. J. Courtney Mustaphi, S. V. Kokelj, and J. P. Smol, 2013: Arctic climate warming and sea ice declines lead to increased storm surge activity, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 1386–1390.
Voinov, G. 2002: Tide and tidal streams, In: Polar Seas Oceanography. An integrated case study of the Kara Sea, Springer, 147-214.
Volkov, D. L., and I. Pujol 2012: Quality assessment of a satellite altimetry data product in the Nordic, Barents, and Kara seas, J. Geophys. Res., 117, C03,025.
Wallace, J.M., T.P. Mitchell and C. Deser, 1989: The influence of sea surface temperature on surface wind in the eastern equatorial Pacific: Seasonal and interannual variability. J. Climate, 2, 1492–1499.
Walter, B. A., and J. E. Overland, 1991: Aircraft observations of the mean and turbulent structure of the atmospheric boundary layer during spring in the central Arctic. J. Geophys. Res., 96(C3), 4463-4673.
Weingartner, T., 2001: Beaufort Sea Nearshore Under-Ice Currents: Science, Analysis and Logistics, CMI Final Report, OCS Study MMS 2001-068.
Weingartner, T.J., D.J. Cavalieri, K. Aagaard and Y. Sasaki, 1998: Circulation, dense water formation and outflow on the northeast Chukchi Sea shelf. J. Geophys. Res, 103, 7647-7662.
Wise, J. L., A. L. Cominskey, and R. Becker 1981: Storm surge climatology and forecasting in Alaska, Arctic Environ. Inf. Data Center, Anchorage, 26.
Yang, J. 2009: Seasonal and interannual variability of downwelling in the Beaufort Sea. J. Geophys. Res., 114, C00A14, doi:10.1029/2008JC005084.
Xie, S.-P. 2004: Satellite observations of cool ocean–atmosphere interaction. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 85, 195–209.
Zhang, J., R. Woodgate, and R. Moritz, 2010: Ice Response to Atmospheric and Oceanic Forcing in the Bering Sea. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 40, 1729–1747.
Zhang J., R. Lindsay, A. Schweiger, and M. Steele, 2013: The impact of an intense summer cyclone on 2012 Arctic sea ice retreat, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 720–726.
Zubov, N. N. 1945: Arctic Ice, Izd. Glavsevmorputi, Moscow, 350.
Boccaletti, G., R. Ferrari, and B. Fox-Kemper, 2007: Mixed layer instabilities and restratification. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 37, 2228-2250.
Brayshaw D. J., B. Hoskins, M. Blackburn, 2008: The storm track response to idealised SST perturbations in an aquaplanet GCM. J. Atmos. Sci., 65, 2842–2860
Brayshaw, G. J., B. Hoskins, M. Blackburn, 2011: The Basic Ingredients of the North Atlantic Storm Track. Part II: Sea Surface Temperatures. J. Atmos. Sci., 68, 1784–1805.

Bryan, F.O., R. Tomas, J.M. Dennis, D.B. Chelton, N.G. Loeb, and J.L. McClean, 2010: Frontal Scale Air-Sea Interaction in High-Resolution Coupled Climate Models. J. Climate, 23, 6277-6291, doi:10.1175/2010JCLI3665.1.

Capet, X., J.C. McWilliams, M.J. Molemaker, and A.F. Shchepetkin, 2008a: Mesoscale to submesoscale transition in the California current system. Part I: flow structure, eddy flux and observational tests. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 38, 29-43.

Capet, X., J.C. McWilliams, M.J. Molemaker, and A.F. Shchepetkin, 2008b: Mesoscale to submesoscale transition in the California current system. Part II: frontal processes. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 38, 44-64.
Capet, X., J.C. McWilliams, M.J. Molemaker, and A.F. Shchepetkin, 2008c: Mesoscale to submesoscale transition in the California current system. Part III: energy balance and flux. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 38, 2256-2269.
Cayan, D. R., 1992: Latent and sensible heat flux anomalies over the northern oceans: Driving the sea surface temperature. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 22, 859–881.
Chelton, D. B., and S.K. Esbensen, M.G. Schlax, N. Thum, M. H. Freilich, F. J. Wentz, C. L. Gentemann, M.J. McPhaden, and P S. Schopf, 2001: Observations of coupling between surface wind stress and sea surface temperature in the eastern tropical Pacific. J. Climate, 14, 1479-1498.
Chelton, D. B., M. G. Schlax, M. H. Freilich, and R. F. Milliff, 2004: Satellite measurements reveal persistent small-scale features in ocean winds. Science, 303, 978-983.
Chelton, D. B., M. H. Freilich, J. M. Sienkiewicz, J. M. von Ahn, 2006: On the Use of QuikSCAT Scatterometer Measurements of Surface Winds for Marine Weather Prediction. Mon. Wea. Rev., 134, 2055-2071.

Chelton, D.B., M.G. Schlax and R.M. Samelson, 2007: Summertime Coupling between Sea Surface Temperature and Wind Stress in the California Current System. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 37, 495-517.

Chelton, D.B., and S.-P. Xie, 2010: Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction at Ocean Mesoscale. Oceanography, 23, 52-69.
Colbo, K., and R. Weller, 2007: The variability and heat budget of the upper ocean under the Chile-Peru stratus. J. Mar. Res., 65, 607–637.

Cronin, M. F., S.-P. Xie, and H. Hashizume, 2003: Barometric pressure variations associated with eastern Pacific tropical instability waves. J. Climate, 16, 3050-3057.

Cummings, J.A., 2005: Operational multivariate ocean data assimilation. Quart. J. Royal Met. Soc., Part C, 131(613), 3583-3604.

Deser, C., J. J. Bates, and S. Wahl, 1993: The influence of sea surface temperature gradients on stratiform cloudiness along the equatorial front in the Pacific Ocean. J. Climate, 6, 1172–1180.
Donlon, C., et al., 2007: The Global Ocean Data Assimilation Experiment High-resolution Sea Surface Temperature Pilot. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 88, 1197-1213.

Dunbar, R.S., T. Lungu, B. Weiss, B. Stiles, J. Huddleston, P.S. Callahan, G. Shirtliffe, K.L. Perry, C. Hsu, C. Mears, F. Wentz, D. Smith, September, 2006. QuikSCAT Science Data Product User Manual, Version 3.0, JPL Document D-18053 – Rev A, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA.

Eden, C. and H. Dietze, 2009: Effects of mesoscale eddy/wind interactions on biological new production and eddy kinetic energy. J. Geophys. Res., 114, C05023.

Edson, J. et al., 2007: The coupled Boundary Layers and Air-Sea Transfer Experiments in Low Winds, Bull. Amer. Met. Soc., 88, 341-356.
D’Asaro, E, C. Lee, L. Rainville, R. Harcourt, and L. Thomas, 2011: Enhanced Turbulence and Energy Dissipation at Ocean Fronts, Science, 332, 318-322.

Eriksen, C., R. A. Weller, D. L. Rudnick, R. T. Pollard, and L. A. Regier, 1991: Ocean frontal variability in the Frontal Air-Sea Interaction Experiment. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 8569-8592.

Fairall C. W., E. F. Bradley, D. P. Rogers, J. D. Edson, and G. S. Young, 1996: Bulk parameterization of air-sea fluxes for Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled-Ocean Atmosphere Response Experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 15, 3747-3764.
Ferrari, R., 2011: A frontal challenge for climate models, Science, 332, 316-317.

Fischer, A.S., R.A. Weller, D.L. Rudnick, C.C. Eriksen, C.M. Lee, K.H. Brink, C.A. Fox and R.R. Leben, 2002: Mesoscale eddies, coastal upwelling, and the upper-ocean heat budget in the Arabian Sea. Deep-Sea Research II, 49, pp. 2231-2264.

Fox-Kemper, B., R. Ferrari, and R. Hallberg, 2008: Parameterization of mixed layer eddies. I: Theory and diagnosis. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 38, 1145-1165.
Frankignoul, C., 1985: Sea surface temperature anomalies, planetary waves, and air-sea feedback in midlatitudes. Rev. Geophys., 23, 357–390.
Freeman A, V. Zlotnicki, T. Liu, B. Holt, R. Kwok, S. Yueh, J. Vazquez, D. Siegel, and G. Lagerloef, 2011: Ocean Measurements from Space in 2025. Oceanography, 23, 144-161.
Haine, T. W. N., and J. Marshall, 1998: Gravitational, symmetric, and baroclinic instability of the ocean mixed layer. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 28, 634-658.
Haidvogel, D.B., H.G. Arango, K. Hedstrom, A. Beckmann, P. Malanotte-Rizzoli and A.F. Shchepetkin (2000) Model evaluation experiments in the North Atlantic Basin: Simulations in nonlinear terrain-following coordinates. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 32, pp. 239–281.

Hashizume, H., S.-P. Xie, M. Fujiwara, M. Shiotani, T. Watanabe, Y. Tanimoto, W. T. Liu, and K. Takeuchi, 2002: Direct observations of atmospheric boundary layer response to SST variations associated with tropical instability waves over the eastern equatorial Pacific. J. Climate, 15, 3379–3393.
Hayes, S. P., M. J. McPhadden, and J. M. Wallace, 1989: The influence of sea surface temperature on surface wind in the eastern equatorial Pacific: Weekly to monthly variability. J. Climate, 2, 1500-1506.
Hogg, A., W. K. Dewar, P. Berloff, S. Kravtsov, and D. K. Hutchinson, 2009: The effects of mesoscale ocean-atmosphere coupling on the large-scale ocean circulation. J. Climate, 22, 4066-4082.
Hoskins, B.J., and P.J. Valdes, 1990: On the existence of storm-tracks. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 854-864.
Imada, Y., M. Kimoto, X. Chen, 2012: Impact of the Atmospheric Mean State on Tropical Instability Wave Activity. J. Climate, 25:7, 2341-2355.

Jin, X., C. Dong, J. Kurian, J. C. McWilliams, D. B. Chelton, and Z. Li, 2009: SST- wind interaction in coastal upwelling: Oceanic simulation with empirical coupling. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 39, 2957-2970.

Juang, H.-M. H. and M. Kanamitsu,1994: The NMC nested regional spectral model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 3–26.
Kuang, H., W. Perrie, T. Xie, B. Zhang, and W. Chen, 2012: Retrievals of sea surface temperature fronts from SAR imagery, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L10607, doi:10.1029/2012GL051288.

Lindzen, R., and S. Nigam, 1987: On the role of sea surface temperature gradients in forcing low-level winds and convergence in the tropics. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 2418-2436.

Liu, W.T., 2002: Satellite Remote Sensing: Wind, Surface. Encyclopedia of Atmospheric Sciences, 1979-1984, J.R. Holton, J.A. Pyle, and J.A. Curry (eds), Academic Press. London.
Liu, W.T., X. Xie, and P.P. Niiler, 2007: Ocean-atmosphere interaction over Agulhas Extension Meanders. J. Climate, 20(23), 5784-5797.
Mafimbo, A. J., and C. J. C. Reason, 2010: Air-sea interaction over the upwelling region of the Somali coast, J. Geophys. Res., 115, C01001, doi:10.1029/2009JC005439.
Mahadevan, A., A. Tandon, 2006: An analysis of mechanisms for submesoscale vertical motion at ocean fronts. Ocean Modelling 14, 241-256.
Mahadevan, A., A. Tandon and R. Ferrari, 2010: Rapid changes in mixed layer strati- fication driven by submesoscale instabilities and winds. J. Geophys. Res., 115, C03017.
Marchesiello, P., X. Capet, C. Menkes, S. C. Kennan, 2011: Submesoscale dynamics in tropical instability waves. Ocean. Modell., 39, 31-46.

McGillicuddy, D.J., Anderson, L.A., Bates, N.R., Bibby, T., Buesseler, K.O., Carlson, C.A., Davis, C.S., Ewart, C., Falkowski, P.G., Goldthwait, S.A., Hansell, D.A., Jenkins, W.J., Johnson, R., Kosnyrev, V.K., Ledwell, J.R., Li, Q.P., Siegel, D.A. and D.K. Steinberg, 2007: Eddy/Wind Interactions Stimulate Extraordinary Mid-Ocean Plankton Blooms. Science, 316, 1021-1026.
Nakamura, H., T. Sampe, Y. Tanimoto, and A. Shimpo, 2004: Observed associations among storm tracks, jet streams, and midlatitude oceanic fronts. Earth’s Climate: The Ocean–Atmosphere Interaction. Geophys. Monogr., Vol. 147, American Geophysical Union, 329–345.
Minobe, S., A. Kuwano-Yoshida, N. Komori, S.-P. Xie, and R. J. Small: 2008: Influence of the Gulf Stream on the troposphere, Nature, 452, 206-209, doi:10.1038/nature06690.
Minobe, S., M. Miyashita, A. Kuwano-Yoshida, H. Tokinaga, and S.-P. Xie, 2010: Atmospheric response to the Gulf Stream: Seasonal variations, J. Climate, 23, 3699-3719, doi:10.1175/2010JCLI3359.1
Monaldo, F.M., D.R. Thompson, W.G. Pichel, and P.A. Clemente-Colòn. 2004. Systematic compar- ison of QuikSCAT and SAR ocean surface wind speeds. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 42(2):283–291.
Monaldo, F.M., D.R. Thompson, R.C. Beal, W.G. Pichel, and P. Clemente-Colòn. 2001. Comparison of SAR-derived wind speed with model predictions and ocean buoy measure- ments. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 39:2,587–2,600.
Norris, J. R, and C. B. Leovy, 1994: Interannual variability in stratiform cloudiness and sea surface temperature. J. Climate, 7, 1915-1925.
O’Neill, L. W., D. B. Chelton, and S. K. Esbensen, 2003: Observations of SST–induced perturbations on the wind stress field over the Southern Ocean on seasonal timescales. J. Climate, 16, 2340–2354.
O’Neill, L. W., D. B. Chelton, S. K. Esbensen, and F. J. Wentz, 2005: High-resolution satellite measurements of the atmospheric boundary layer response to SST variations along the Agulhas Return Current. J. Climate, 18, 2706-2723.
O’Neill, L. W., S. K. Esbensen, N. Thum, R. M. Samelson, D. B. Chelton, 2010: Dynamical Analysis of the Boundary Layer and Surface Wind Responses to Mesoscale SST Perturbations. J. Climate, 23, 559-581.doi: 10.1175/2009JCLI2662.1.
O’Neill, L. W., D. B. Chelton, and S. K. Esbensen, 2012: Covariability of surface wind and stress responses to sea-surface temperature fronts. J. Climate. in press.
Ostrom, W. M., B. S. Way, R. A. Weller, J. D. Ware, R. A. Trask, 1996: Arabian Sea mixed layer dynamics experiment mooring recovery cruise report: R/V Thomas Thompson Cruise Number 52, 14 October-25 October 1995, Woods Hole Oceanographic Inst. Tech. Rep. WHOI-96-11, Woods Hole, MA, 64 pp.
Park, K.-A., P. Cornillon, and D. L. Codiga, 2006: Modification of surface winds near ocean fronts: Effects of Gulf Stream rings on scatterometer (QuikSCAT, NSCAT) wind observations. J. Geophys. Res., 111, C03021, doi:10.1029/2005JC003016.
Pezzi, L. P., J. Vialard, K. J. Richard, C. Menkes, and D. Anderson, 2004: Influence of ocean-atmosphere coupling on the properties of tropical instability waves. Gephys. Res. Lett., 31, L16306
Putrasahan, D., A. J. Miller and H. Seo, 2012a: Isolating Mesoscale Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions in the Kuroshio Extension Region, Dynm. Ocean. Atmos. In prep.
Putrasahan, D., A. J. Miller and H. Seo, 2012b: Air-sea Interactions and Local Impact of Mesoscale Sea Surface Temperature on the Atmospheric Boundary Layer in the Southeast Pacific. In prep.
Rienecker, M., and Coauthors, 2011: MERRA: NASA’s Modern- Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications. J. Climate, 24, 3648–3624.

Seo, H., M. Jochum, R. Murtugudde, A. J. Miller, 2006: Effect of Ocean Mesoscale Variability on the Mean State of Tropical Atlantic Climate. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L09606.

Seo, H., A.J. Miller, J.O. Roads, 2007a: The Scripps Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Regional (SCOAR) model, with applications in the eastern Pacific sector. J. Climate, 20, 381-402.

Seo, H., M. Jochum, R. Murtugudde, A.J. Miller and J.O. Roads, 2007b: Feedback of Tropical Instability Wave – induced Atmospheric Variability onto the Ocean. J. Climate, 20, 5842-5855.

Seo, H, M. Jochum, R. Murtugudde, A. J. Miller, J. O. Roads, 2008a: Precipitation from African Easterly Waves in a Coupled Model of the Tropical Atlantic. J. Climate, 21, 1417-1431.

Seo, H., R. Murtugudde, M. Jochum and A.J. Miller, 2008b: Modeling of mesoscale coupled ocean-atmosphere interaction and its feedback to ocean in the western Arabian Sea. Ocean Modell., 25, 120-131.

Seo, H., S.-P. Xie, R. Murtugudde, M. Jochum, and A. J. Miller, 2009: Seasonal effects of Indian Ocean freshwater forcing in a regional coupled model. J. Climate. 22, 6577-6596.

Seo, H. and S.-P. Xie, 2011: Response and Impact of Equatorial Ocean Dynamics and Tropical Instability Waves in the Tropical Atlantic under Global Warming: A regional coupled downscaling study J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 116, C03026.

Song, Q., D. B. Chelton, S. K. Esbensen, N. Thum, L. W. O’Neill, 2009: Coupling between Sea Surface Temperature and Low-Level Winds in Mesoscale Numerical Models. J. Climate, 22, 146-164.

Shchepetkin, A.F. and J.C. McWilliams, 2005: The regional oceanic modeling system (ROMS): A split-explicit, free-surface, topography-following-coordinate ocean model. Ocean Modell., 9, pp. 347–404.

Shimada, T., and S. Minobe, 2011: Global analysis of the pressure adjustment mechanism over sea surface temperature fronts using AIRS/Aqua data, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L06704. .

Shinoda, T., and J. L. Lin, 2009: Interannual variability of the upper ocean in the southeast Pacific stratus cloud region. J. Climate, 22, 5072–5088.

Small, R. J., S. de Szoeke, S. P. Xie, L. O’Neill, H. Seo, Q. Song, P. Cornillon, M. Spall, and S. Minobe, 2008: Air-Sea Interaction over Ocean Fronts and Eddies. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 45, 274-319.
Small, R. J., S-P Xie, and Y. Wang, 2003: Numerical simulation of atmospheric response to Pacific tropical instability waves. J. Climate, 16, 3723-3741.
Small, R. J., K. J. Richards, S.-P. Xie, P. Dutrieux, and T. Miyama, 2009: Damping of Tropical Instability Waves caused by the action of surface currents on stress, J. Geophys. Res., 114, C04009, doi:10.1029/2008JC005147.
Spall, M. A., 1997: Baroclinic jets in confluent flow. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 27, 1054-1071.
Spall, M. A., 2007a: Midlatitude wind stress-sea surface temperature coupling in the vicinity of oceanic fronts, J. Climate, 20, 3785-3801.
Spall, M. A., 2007b: Effect of sea surface temperature-wind stress coupling on baroclinic instability in the ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 37, 1092-1097.
Thomas, L., 2005: Destruction of potential vorticity by winds. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 35, 2457-2466.
Thomas, L., and C. Lee, 2005: Intensification of ocean fronts by down front winds, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 35, 1086–1102.
Thompson, D.R., F. Monaldo, S. Iris, and H.C. Graber. 2005. Can synthetic aperture radars be used to estimate hurricane force winds? Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L22801.
Tokinaga, H., Y. Tanimoto, S.-P. Xie, T. Sampe, H. Tomita, and H. Ichikawa, 2009: Ocean frontal effects on the vertical development of clouds over the western North Pacific: In situ and satellite observations. J. Climate, 22, 4241-4260.
Trask, Richard P., Weller, Robert A. Ostrom, William M., 1995: Arabian Sea mixed layer dynamics experiment: mooring deployment cruise report R/V Thomas Thompson cruise number 46, 14 April-29 April 1995 Woods Hole Oceanographic Inst. Tech. Rep. WHOI-95-14, Woods Hole, MA, 88 pp.
Vecchi, G.A., S.-P. Xie and A.S. Fischer, 2004: Ocean-atmosphere covariability in the western Arabian Sea. J. Climate, 17, 1213-1224.

Wallace, J., T. Mitchell, and C. Deser, 1989: The influence of sea-surface temperature on surface wind in the eastern equatorial Pacific: Seasonal and interannual variability. J. Climate, 2, 1492-1499.
Wang, J., 2008: On the warm bias along the South-West African Coast in coupled models: An oceanic perspective. MIT/WHOI Joint program MS Thesis.

Weller, R.A., M.F. Baumgartner, S.A. Josey, A.S. Fischer and J.C. Kindle, 1998: Atmospheric forcing in the Arabian Sea during 1994-1995: observations and comparisons with climatology and models. Deep-Sea Res. II, 45, pp. 1961-1999.

Weller, R.A., A.S. Fischer, D.L. Rudnick, C.C. Eriksen, T.D. Dickey, J. Marra, C.A. Fox and R.R. Leben, 2002: Moored observations of upper ocean response to the monsoon in the Arabian Sea during 1994–1995. Deep-Sea Res., 49B, 2195–2230.

Xie, S.-P., J. Hafner, Y. Tanimoto, W.T. Liu, H. Tokinaga and H. Xu, 2002: Bathymetric effect on the winter sea surface temperature and climate of the Yellow and East China Seas. Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 2228, doi: 10.1029/2002GL015884.

Xie, S.-P., 2004: Satellite observations of cool ocean-atmosphere interaction, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 85(2), 195-208, doi:10.1175/BAMS-85-2-195.

Xie, S.-P., T. Miyama, Y. Wang, H. Xu, S.P. de Szoeke, R.J. Small, K.J. Richards, T. Mochizuki, and T. Awaji, 2007: A regional ocean-atmosphere model for eastern Pacific climate: Towards reducing tropical biases. J. Climate, 20, 1504-1522.

Xie, T., W. Perrie, and W. Chen, 2010: Gulf Stream thermal fronts detected by synthetic aperture radar, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L06601, doi:10.1029/2009GL041972

Xu, H., H. Tokinaga, and S.-œP. Xie, 2010: Atmospheric effects of the Kuroshio large meander during 2004-05. J. Climate, 23, 4704-4715.

Xu, H., M. Xu, S.-P. Xie, and Y. Wang, 2011: Deep atmospheric response to the spring Kuroshio Current over the East China Sea. J. Climate, 24, 4959-4972.
Zhang, R.-H., and A. J. Busalacchi, 2008: Rectified effects of tropical instability wave (TIW)-induced atmospheric wind feedback in the tropical Pacific, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L05608, doi:10.1029/ 2007GL033028.
Zhang, R.-H., and A. J. Busalacchi, 2009: An Empirical Model for Surface Wind Stress Response to SST Forcing Induced by Tropical Instability Waves (TIWs) in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific. J. Climate, 137, 2021-2046.

ACIA, 2005L: Impacts of a Warming Climate: Arctic Climate Impact Assessment, 140 pp., Cambridge Univ. Press, New York.
Adcroft, A. J., J-M. Campin, C. Hill, and J. Marshall, 2004: Implementation of an atmosphere–ocean general circulation model on the expanded spherical cube. Mon. Wea. Rev., 132, 2845–2863.

Alexeev, V. A. and C. H. Jackson, 2013: Polar amplification: is atmospheric heat transport important? Clim. Dyn., DOI 10.1007/s00382-012-1601-z.

Andreas, E. L., W. B. Tucker III, and S. F. Ackley, 1984:Atmospheric Boundary-Layer Modification, Drag Coefficient, and Surface Heat Flux in the Antarctic Marginal Ice Zone, J. Geophys. Res. 89, 649–661.
Baringer, M., et al., 2013: Meridional Overturning Circulation and Heat Transport Observations in the Atlantic Ocean. Bull. Amer. Met. Soc., 94(8), Special Supplement: State of the Climate in 2012, S65-S68, doi:10.1175/2013BAMSStateoftheClimate.1

Bromwich, D. H, and K. M. Hines, 2008: Arctic System Reanalysis: An IPY Initiative. Reykjavik, Iceland, February 11-12.

Bromwich, D. H., K. M. Hines, and L.‐S. Bai, 2009: Development and testing of Polar WRF: 2. Arctic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D08122, doi:10.1029/2008JD010300.

Bromwich, D., Y.-H. Kuo, M. Serreze, J. Walsh, L.S. Bai, M. Barlage, K. Hines, and A, Slater, 2010: Arctic System Reanalysis: Call for community involvement. Eos, Trans., Amer. Geophys. Union, 91, 13-14.

Bromwich, D. H., L. Bai, K. M. Hines, S.-H. Wang, B. Kuo, M. C. Serreze, and J. E. Walsh: Progress and overview of the Arctic System Reanalysis., 2011: 11th Conference on Polar Meteorology and Oceanography, Boston, MA, May 1-4.

Brown, R. A., 1981: Modeling the Geostrophic Drag Coefficient for AIDJEX. J. Geophys. Res., 86, 1989-1994

Brümmer, B. 1996: Boundary-layer modification in wintertime cold-air outbreaks from the arctic sea ice. Bound. Lay. Met. 80, 109–125.
Bryan, F. O., R. Tomas, J. M. Dennis, D. B. Chelton, N. G. Loeb, J. L. McClean, 2010: Frontal Scale Air–Sea Interaction in High-Resolution Coupled Climate Models. J. Clim., 23, 6277–6291.

Buckley, M., R.M. Ponte, G. Forget, and P. Heimbach, 2013: Low-frequency SST and upper-ocean heat content variability in the North Atlantic. J. Clim., in revision

Cavalieri, D.J., C. Parkinson, P. Gloersen, and H. J. Zwally, 1996: Sea Ice Concentrations from Nimbus-7 SMMR and DMSP SSM/I-SSMIS Passive Microwave Data. Boulder, Colorado USA: National Snow and Ice Data Center.

Chelton, D.B. and S.K. Esbensen, M.G. Schlax, N. Thum, M. H. Freilich, F. J. Wentz, C.L. Gentemann, M. J. McPhaden and P.S. Schopf, 2001:Observations of coupling between surface wind stress and sea surface temperature in the eastern tropical Pacific. J. Clim., 14, 1479–1498.

Chelton, D.B., M. Schlax, M.H. Freilich and R.F. Milliff, 2004: Satellite measurements reveal persistent small-scale features in ocean winds. Science, 303, 978–983.

Comiso, J. C., 1995: SSM/I ice concentrations using the Bootstrap algorithm, NASA Report 1380.

Comiso, J. C., 2006: SSM/I daily and monthly polar gridded sea ice concentrations, May 2000. J. Maslanik and J. Stroeve, Eds., National Snow and Ice Data Center, Boulder, CO, digital media.

Cronin, M. F., S.-P. Xie, and H. Hashizume, 2003: Barometric pressure variations associated with eastern Pacific tropical instability waves. J. Clim., 16, 3050- 3057.

Dee, D.P, and coauthors, 2011: The ERA-Interim reanalysis: configuration and performance of the data assimilation system. Quart. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 137, 553-597.

Dethloff, K. , C. Abegg, A. Rinke, A., I. Hebestadt, and V. Romanov, 2001: Sensitivity of Arctic climate simulations to different boundary layer parameterizations in a regional climate model. Tellus, 53, 1-26.

Eastman, R., and S. G. Warren, 2010: Interannual variations of Arctic cloud types in relation to sea ice. J. Clim., 23, 4216-4232.

Ebita, A., and coauthors, 2011: The Japanese 55-year Reanalysis “JRA-55”: An interim report. SOLA, 7, 149–152, doi:10.2151/sola.2011-038.

Fairall, C. W. and Markson, R. 1987: Mesoscale variations in surface stress, heat fluxes, and drag coefficient in the marginal ice zone during the 1983 marginal ice zone experiment. J. Geophys. Res., 92, 6921– 6932.
Fenty, I.G. and P. Heimbach, 2013a: Coupled Sea Ice-Ocean State Estimation in the Labrador Sea and Baffin Bay. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 43(6), 884-904, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-12-065.1.

Fenty, I.G. and P. Heimbach, 2013b: Hydrographic Preconditioning for Seasonal Sea Ice Anomalies in the Labrador Sea. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 43(6), 863-883, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-12-064.1.

Fiorino M., 2004: A multi-decadal daily sea surface temperature and sea ice concentration data set for the ERA-40 reanalysis. ERA-40 Project Report Series No. 12, ECMWF: Reading, UK.

Frenger, I., N. Gruber, R. Knutti, R. and M. Münnich, 2013: Imprint of Southern Ocean eddies on winds, clouds and rainfall. Nature Geosci., 6, 608–612.

Graversen, R. G., T. Mauritsen, M. Tjernström, E. Källén, and G. Svensson, 2008: Vertical structure of recent Arctic warming. Nature, 451, 53–56.

Guest, P. S., J. W. Glendening, and K. L. Davidson, 1995:An Observational and Numerical Study of Wind Stress Variations within Marginal Ice Zones. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 10,887–10,904.

Haidvogel, D. B., H. G. Arango, K. Hedstrom, A. Beckmann, P. Malanotte-Rizzoli, and A. F. Shchepetkin, 2000: Model Evaluation Experiments in the North Atlantic Basin: Simulations in Nonlinear Terrain-Following Coordinates. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 32, 239-281.

Hakkinen, S., A. Proshutinsky, and I. Ashik, 2008: Sea ice drift in the Arctic since the 1950s. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L19704, doi:10.1029/2008GL034791.
Hartmann, J., C. Kottmeier, and S. Raasch, 1997: Roll Vortices and Boundary-Layer Development during a Cold Air Outbreak. Boundary-Layer Meteorol., 84, 45–65.
Hashizume, H., M. Fujiwara, M. Shiotani, T. Watanabe, Y. Tanimoto,W. T. Liu and K. Takeuchi, 2002: Direct observations of atmospheric boundary layer response to SST variations associated with tropical instability waves over the eastern equatorial Pacific. J. Clim., 15, 3379–3393.

Heimbach, P., D. Menemenlis, M. Losch, J.-M. Campin, and C. Hill, 2010: On the formulation of sea-ice models. Part 2: Lessons from multi-year adjoint sea-ice export sensitivities through the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Ocean Modelling, 33(1-2), 145–158. doi:10.1016/j.ocemod.2010.02.002.

Heimbach, P., C. Wunsch, R.M. Ponte, G. Forget, C. Hill, and J. Utke, 2011: Timescales and Regions of the Sensitivity of Atlantic Meridional Volume and Heat Transport Magnitudes: Toward Observing System Design. Deep Sea Res. II (Topical issue on “Climate and the AMOC”), 58(17-18), 1858-1879, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.10.065.

Heimbach, P. and C. Wunsch, 2012: Decadal ocean (and ice) state estimation for climate research: What are the needs? Oberwolfach Reports, 9(4), 3451-3454, doi:10.4171/OWR/2012/58.

Hines, K. M., and D. H. Bromwich, 2008: Development and testing of Polar WRF. Part I: Greenland Ice Sheet meteorology. Mon. Weather Rev., 136, 1971–1989.

Holland, M.M. and C.M. Bitz, 2003: Polar amplification of climate change in the coupled model intercomparison project, Clim. Dyn., 21, 221-232.

Holloway, G., A. Nguyen, and Z. Wang, 2011: Oceans and ocean models as seen by current meters. J. Geophys. Res., 116, C00D08. doi:10.1029/2011JC007044.

Honjo, S., T. Takizawa, R. Krishfield, J. Kemp, K. Hatakeyama, 1995: Drifting Buoys Make Discoveries About Interactive Processes in the Arctic Ocean. Eos, Trans., Amer. Geophys. Union, 76 (21), 209,215,219.

Hoskins, B. J., and P. J. Valdes, 1990: On the existence of storm tracks. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 1854–1864.
Inoue, J., M. E. Hori, T. Enomoto, and T. Kikuchi, 2011: Intercomparison of surface heat transfer near the Arctic marginal ice zone for multiple reanalyses: A case study of September 2009. SOLA, 7, 57-60.
Jordan, R. E., Andreas, E. L., and A. P. Makshtas, 1999: Heat Budget of Snow-covered Sea Ice at North Pole 4. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 7785–7806.
Juang, H.-M. H. and M. Kanamitsu, 1994: The NMC nested regional spectral model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122,. 3–26.

Kahl, J. D., N. A. Zaitseva, V. Zaitseva, V. Khattatov, R. C. Schnell, D. M. Bacon, J. Bacon, V. Radionov, and M. C. Serreze, 1999: Radiosonde observations from the former Soviet “North Pole” series of drifting ice stations. 1954–90, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 80, 2019–2026.

Kalnay, E., and Co-authors, 1996: The NCEP/NCAR 40-Year Reanalysis Project. Bull. Amer. Met. Soc., 77, 437-471.

Karcher, M., F. Kauker, R. Gerdes, E. Hunke, and J. Zhang, 2007: On the dynamics of Atlantic Water circulation in the Arctic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 112, C04S02.

Kay, J. E., and A. Gettelman, 2009: Cloud influence on and response to seasonal Arctic sea ice loss. J. Geophys. Res., 114, D18204, doi:10.1029/2009JD011773.

Kistler, R., and coauthors, 2001: The NCEP–NCAR 50–Year Reanalysis: Monthly Means CD–ROM and Documentation. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 82, 247–267.

Kolstad, E. W., 2011: A global climatology of favourable conditions for polar lows. Quart. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 137, 1749-1761.
Kwok, R., G. Spreen, and S. Pang, 2013: Arctic sea ice circulation and drift speed: Decadal trends and ocean currents. J. Geophys. Res. – Oceans, 118, doi:10.1002/jgrc.20191.

Lindzen, R.S., Nigam, S., 1987: On the role of sea surface temperature gradients in forcing low level winds and convergence in the tropics. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 2418–2436.

Losch, M., D. Menemenlis, J.-M. Campin, P. Heimbach, P., C. Hill, 2010: On the formulation of sea-ice models. Part 1: Effects of different solver implementations and parameterizations. Ocean Modelling, 33(1-2), 129–144.

Liu, J.-W., S. Zhang, and S.-P. Xie, 2013: Two types of surface wind response to the East China Sea Kuroshio front. J. Clim., 26, 8616-8627.

Liu, W.T., X. Xie and P.P. Niiler, 2007: Ocean–Atmosphere Interaction over Agulhas Extension Meanders. J. Clim., 20, 5784-5797.

Manabe, S. and R.J. Stouffer, 1980: Sensitivity of a global climate model to an increase of CO2 concentration in the atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res., 85, 5529–5554.

Marcq, S., and J. Weiss, 2012: Influence of sea ice lead-width distribution on turbulent heat transfer between the ocean and the atmosphere. The Cryosphere, 6(1), 143–156.

Marshall, J., A. Adcroft, C. Hill, L. Perelman, and C. Helsey, 1997: A finite-volume, incompressible Navier-Stokes model for studies of the ocean on parallel computers. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 5,753–5,766.

Maslanik, J. A., C. Fowler, J. Stroeve, S. Drobot, J. Zwally, D. Yi, and W. Emery, 2007: A younger, thinner Arctic ice cover: Increased potential for rapid, extensive sea-ice loss. Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L24501, doi:10.1029/2007gl032043.
Menemenlis D., C. Hill, A. Adcroft, J.M. Campin, B. Cheng, B. Ciotti, I. Fukumori, A. Koehl, P. Heimbach, C. Henze, T. Lee, D. Stammer, J. Taft, and J. Zhang, 2005a: NASA Supercomputer Improves Prospects for Ocean Climate Research. Eos, Trans., Amer. Geophys. Union, 86(9), 89.

Menemenlis, D., I. Fukumori, and T. Lee, 2005: Using Green’s functions to calibrate an ocean general circulation model. Mon. Weather Rev., 133, 1224-1240.

Minobe, S., A. Kuwano-Yoshida, N. Komori, S.-P. Xie, and R.J. Small, 2008: Influence of the Gulf Stream on the troposphere. Nature, 452, 206-209.

Nguyen, A. T., Menemenlis, D., R. Kwok, 2011: Arctic ice-ocean simulation with optimized model parameters: Approach and assessment. J. Geophys. Res., 116(C4).

Nguyen, A. T., R. Kwok, and D. Menemenlis, 2012: Source and Pathway of the Western Arctic Upper Halocline in a Data-Constrained Coupled Ocean and Sea Ice Model. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 42(5), 802–823. doi:10.1175/JPO-D-11-040.1

Olsson, P. Q. and J. Y, Harrington, 2000: Dynamics and Energetics of the Cloudy Boundary Layer in Simulations of Off-Ice Flow in the Marginal Ice Zone. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 11889–11899.
O’Neill, L. W., D. B. Chelton, S. K. Esbensen, 2003: Observations of SST-induced perturbations on the wind stress field over the Southern Ocean on seasonal timescales. J. Clim., 16, 2340–2354.

O’Neill, L.W., D.B. Chelton, S.K. Esbensen and F.J. Wentz, 2005: High-resolution satellite measurements of the atmospheric boundary layer response to SST variations along the Agulhas Return Current. J. Clim., 18, 2706–2723.

O’Neill, L. W., S. K. Esbensen, N. Thum, R. M. Samelson, and D. B. Chelton, 2010a: Dynamical analysis of the boundary layer and surface wind responses to mesoscale SST perturbations. J. Clim., 23, 559-581.

O’Neill, L. W., D. B. Chelton, and S. K. Esbensen, 2010b: The effects of SST-induced wind speed and direction gradients on mid-latitude surface vorticity and divergence. J. Clim., 23, 255-281.

O’Neill, L. W., 2012: Wind Speed and Stability Effects on Coupling between Surface Wind Stress and SST Observed from Buoys and Satellite. J. Clim., 25, 1544–1569.

Overland, J. E., 1985: Atmospheric boundary layer structure and drag coefficients over sea ice. J. Geophys. Res., 90(C5), 9029–9049.

Overland, J. E., and R. L. Colony, 1994: Geostrophic drag coefficients for the central Arctic derived from Soviet drifting station data. Tellus, 46(1), 75-85.

Palm, S. P., S. T. Strey, J. Spinhirne, and T. Markus, 2010: Influence of Arctic sea ice extent on polar cloud fraction and vertical structure and implications for regional climate. J. Geophys. Res., 115, D21209, doi:10.1029/2010JD013900.

Perrette, M., A. Yool, G. D. Quartly, and E. E. Popova, 2011; Near-ubiquity of ice-edge blooms in the Arctic. Biogeosciences, 8, 515-524, doi:10.5194/bg-8-515-2011.

Persson, P. O. G., C. W. Fairall, E. L. Andreas, P. S. Guest, and D. K. Perovich, 2002: Measurements near the Atmospheric Surface Flux Group tower at SHEBA: Near-surface conditions and surface energy budget. J. Geophys. Res., 107(C10), 8045.

Pickart, R.S., M.A. Spall, G.W.K. Moore, T.J. Weingartner, R.A. Woodgate, K. Aagaard, and K. Shimada (2011), Upwelling in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea: Atmospheric forcing and local versus non-local response. Prog. Oceanogr., 88, 78-100.

Pickart, R. S., G. W. K. Moore, D.J. Torres, P.S. Fratantoni, R.A. Goldsmith, and J. Yang, 2009: Upwelling on the continental slope of the Alaskan Beaufort Sea: Storms, ice, and oceanographic response. J. Geophys. Res., 114, C00A13, doi:10.1029/2208JC005009.

Proshutinsky, A. Y. and M. A. Johnson, 1997: Two circulation regimes of the wind-driven Arctic Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 12493–12514.
Proshutinsky, A., J. Yang, R. Krishfield, R. Gerdes, M. Karcher, F. Kauker, C. Koeberle, S. Hakkinen, W. Hibler, D. Holland, M. Maqueda, G. Holloway, E. Hunke, W. Maslowski, M. Steele, and J. Zhang, 2005: Arctic Ocean Study: Synthesis of Model Results and Observations, EOS, 86 (40), 368-371.
Proshutinsky, A., R. Krishfield, M.-L. Timmermans, J. Toole, E. Carmack, F. McLaughlin, W. J. Williams, S. Zimmermann, M. Itoh, and K. Shimada, 2009: Beaufort Gyre freshwater reservoir: State and variability from observations. J. Geophys. Res., 114, C00A10, doi:10.1029/2008JC005104.
Proshutinsky, A., Y. Aksenov, J. Clement Kinney, R. Gerdes, E. Golubeva, D. Holland, G. Holloway, A. Jahn, M. Johnson, E. Popova, M. Steele, and E. Watanabe. 2011: Recent advances in Arctic ocean studies employing models from the Arctic Ocean Model Intercomparison Project. Oceanography, 24(3), 102–113.

Putrasahan, D. A. J. Miller, and H. Seo, 2013a: Isolating Mesoscale Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions in the Kuroshio Extension Region. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans., 63, 60-78.

Putrasahan, D. A. J. Miller, and H. Seo, 2013b: Regional coupled ocean-atmosphere downscaling in the Southeast Pacific: Impacts on upwelling, mesoscale air-sea fluxes, and ocean eddies. Ocean Dynam., 63(5),463-488.

Rampal, P., J. Weiss, and D. Marsan, 2009: Positive trend in the mean speed and deformation rate of Arctic sea ice, 1979–2007. J. Geophys. Res., 114, C05013, doi:10.1029/2008JC005066.
Rigor, I. G., J. M. Wallace, R. L. Colony, 2002: Response of Sea Ice to the Arctic Oscillation. J. Clim., 15, 2648–2663.

Schweiger, A. J., R. W. Lindsay, S. Vavrus, and J. A. Francis, 2008: Relationships between Arctic sea ice and clouds during autumn. J. Clim., 21, 4799–4810.

Screen, J. A. and I Simmonds, 2010: The central role of diminishing sea ice in recent Arctic temperature amplification. Nature, 464, doi:10.1038/nature09051.

Seo, H., M. Jochum, R. Murtugudde and A. J. Miller, 2006: Effect of Ocean Mesoscale Variability on the Mean State of Tropical Atlantic Climate. Geoyphs. Res. Lett., 33, L09606.

Seo, H., A. J. Miller and J. O. Roads, 2007a: The Scripps Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Regional (SCOAR) model, with applications in the eastern Pacific sector. J. Clim., 20, 381-402.

Seo, H., M. Jochum, R. Murtugudde, A. J. Miller, and J. O. Roads, 2007b: Feedback of Tropical Instability Wave – induced Atmospheric Variability onto the Ocean. J. Clim., 20, 5842-5855.

Seo, H., M. Jochum, R. Murtugudde, A. J. Miller, and J. O. Roads, 2008a: Precipitation from African Easterly Waves in a Coupled Model of the Tropical Atlantic. J. Clim., 21, 1417-1431.

Seo, H., R. Murtugudde, M. Jochum, and A. J. Miller, 2008b: Modeling of Mesoscale Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction and its Feedback to Ocean in the Western Arabian Sea. Ocean Modell., 25,120-13.

Seo, H., S.-P. Xie, R. Murtugudde, M. Jochum, and A. J. Miller, 2009: Seasonal effects of Indian Ocean freshwater forcing in a regional coupled model. J. Clim., 22, 6577-6596.

Seo, H. and S.-P. Xie, 2013: Impact of ocean warm layer thickness on the intensity of hurricane Katrina in a regional coupled model. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 122, 1, 19-32, doi:10.1007/s00703-013-0275-3

Seo, H., A. J. Miller, N. R. Cavanaugh, R. Murtugudde, M. Jochum and D. E. Waliser: The role of interactive sea surface temperatures in wavenumber-frequency characteristics of the boreal winter Madden Julian Oscillation. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans., in preparation.

Serreze, M. C., Barrett, A. P., Stroeve, J. C., Kindig, D. N. and Holland, M. M., 2009: The emergence of surface-based Arctic amplification. Cryosphere 3, 11–19.

Shchepetkin, A. F., and J. C. McWilliams, 2005: The regional oceanic modeling system (ROMS): a split-explicit, free-surface, topography-following-coordinate ocean model. Ocean Modell., 9, 347-404.

Shimada, T., and S. Minobe, 2011: Global analysis of the pressure adjustment mechanism over sea surface temperature fronts using AIRS/Aqua data. Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L06704.

Skamarock, W. C., J. B. Klemp, J. Dudhia, D. O. Gill, D. M. Barker, W. Wang, and J. G. Powers, 2005: A description of the Advanced Research WRF Version 2. NCAR Tech. Note NCAR/ TN4681STR, NCAR, 88 pp.

Small, R.J., S.-P. Xie, and J. Hafner, 2005: Satellite observations of mesoscale ocean features and co-propagating atmospheric surface fields in the tropical belt. J. Geophys. Res., 110, C02021.

Small, R. J., S. de Szoeke, S. P. Xie, L. O’Neill, H. Seo, Q. Song, P. Cornillon, M. Spall, and S. Minobe, 2008: Air-Sea Interaction over Ocean Fronts and Eddies. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 45, 274-319.

Spreen, G., R. Kwok, and D. Menemenlis, 2011: Trends in Arctic sea ice drift and role of wind forcing: 1992–2009. Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L19501, doi:10.1029/2011GL048970.

Spreen, G., R. Kwok, D. Menemenlis, and A. Nguyen, 2013: Sea ice deformation in a coupled ocean-sea ice model and in satellite remote sensing data. J. Geophys. Res., submitted.

Swift, C. T., D. J. Cavalieri, 1985: Passive microwave remote sensing for sea ice research. Eos, Trans., Amer. Geophys. Union. 66(49):1210-1212.

Sweet, W., R. Fett, J. Kerling, and P. La Violette, 1981: Air-sea interaction effects in the lower troposphere across the north wall of the Gulf Stream. Mon. Wea. Rev., 109, 1042-1052.

Takatama, K., S. Minobe, M. Inatsu, S.-P. Xie, and R. Small, 2012: Diagnostics for near-surface wind convergence/ divergence response to the Gulf Stream in a regional atmospheric model, Atmospheric Science Letters, 12, 206–209.

Tastula, E.-M., T. Vihma, E. L. Andreas, 2012: Evaluation of Polar WRF from Modeling the Atmospheric Boundary Layer over Antarctic Sea Ice in Autumn and Winter. Mon. Wea. Rev., 140, 3919-3935.

Thompson, D. W. J., and J. M. Wallace, 1998: The Arctic Oscillation signature in the wintertime geopotential height and temperature fields. Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 1297–1300.

Tisler, P. T. Vihma, G. Muller, B. Brümmer, 2008: Modelling of warm-air advection over Arctic sea ice. Tellus, 60A, 775-788.

Tokinaga, H., Y. Tanimoto, S.-P. Xie, T. Sampe, H. Tomita, H. Ichikawa, 2009: Ocean Frontal Effects on the Vertical Development of Clouds over the Western North Pacific: In Situ and Satellite Observations. J. Clim., 22, 4241–4260.
Toole, J. M., M.‐L. Timmermans, D. K. Perovich, R. A. Krishfield, A. Proshutinsky, and J. A. Richter‐Menge, 2010: Influences of the ocean surface mixed layer and thermohaline stratification on Arctic Sea ice in the central Canada Basin. J. Geophys. Res., 115, C10018, doi:10.1029/2009JC005660.
Valkonen, T., T. Vihma, and M. Doble, 2008: Mesoscale modeling of the atmosphere over Antarctic sea ice: A late-autumn case study. Mon. Wea. Rev., 136, 1457–1474.

Vermaire, J. C., M. F. J. Pisaric, J. R. Thienpont, C. J. Courtney Mustaphi, S. V. Kokelj, and J. P. Smol (2013), Arctic climate warming and sea ice declines lead to increased storm surge activity. Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 1386–1390, doi:10.1002/ grl.50191.

Vihma, T., J. Hartmann, and C. Lüpkess, 2003: A Case study of an on-ice air flow over the Arctic marginal sea-ice zone. Boundary-Layer Meteorol, 107, 189–217.
Vihma, T., and R. Pirazzini, 2005: On the Factors Controlling the Snow Surface and 2-m Air Temperatures Over the Arctic Sea Ice in Winter. Boundary-Layer Meteorol., 117, 73-90

Vihma, T., P. Tisler, and P. Uotila, 2012: Atmospheric forcing on the drift of Arctic sea ice in 1989–2009. Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L02501, doi:10.1029/2011GL050118.
Wallace, J.M., T.P. Mitchell and C. Deser, 1989: The influence of sea surface temperature on surface wind in the eastern equatorial Pacific: Seasonal and interannual variability. J. Clim., 2, 1492–1499.

Walter, B.A., and J.E. Overland, 1991: Aircraft observations of the mean and turbulent structure of the atmospheric boundary layer during spring in the central Arctic. J. Geophys. Res., 96(C3), doi: 10.1029/90JC02263, 4663–4673.

Wang, J., J. Zhang, E. Watanabe, M. Ikeda, K. Mizobata, J. E. Walsh, X. Bai, and B. Wu, 2009: Is the Dipole Anomaly a major driver to record lows in Arctic summer sea ice extent? Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L05706, doi:10.1029/2008GL036706.

Wilson, A. B., D. H. Bromwich, K. M. Hines, 2011: Evaluation of Polar WRF forecasts on the Arctic System Reanalysis domain. Part I. Surface and upper air analysis. J. Geophys. Res., 116, D11112, doi: 10.1029/2010JD015013.

Wilson, A. B., D. H. Bromwich, and K. M. Hines, 2012: Evaluation of Polar WRF forecasts on the Arctic System Reanalysis domain. 2. Atmospheric hydrologic cycle. J. Geophys. Res., 17, D04107, doi:10.1029/2011JD016765.

Wu, B., J. Wang, and J. E. Walsh, 2006: Dipole Anomaly in the winter Arctic atmosphere and its association with Arctic sea ice motion. J. Clim., 19, 210–225.

Wunsch, C. and P. Heimbach, 2013a: Two Decades of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation: Anatomy, Variations, Extremes, Prediction, and Overcoming Its Limitations. J. Clim., 26(18), 7167-7186, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00478.1.

Wunsch, C. and P. Heimbach, 2013b: Dynamically and kinematically consistent global ocean circulation and ice state estimates. In: G.Siedler, J.Church, J.Gould and S.Griffies, eds.: Ocean circulation and climate: A 21st century perspective, Chapter 21, pp. 553–579, Elsevier, doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-391851-2.00021-0.

Xie, S.-P., 2004: Satellite observations of cool ocean–atmosphere interaction. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 85, 195–209.

Yang, J., 2005: The Arctic and Subarctic Ocean Flux of Potential Vorticity and the Arctic Ocean Circulation. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 35, 2387–2407. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JPO2819.1.

Yang, J., 2006: The seasonal variability of the Arctic ocean Ekman transport and its role in the mixed layer heat and salt fluxes. J. Clim., 19, 5366-5387.
Yang, J., and J. C. Comiso, 2007: An unexpected seasonal variability of salinity in the Beaufort Sea upper layer in 1996–1998. J. Geophys. Res., 112, C05034.
Yang, J., 2009, Seasonal and interannual variability of downwelling in the Beaufort Sea. J. Geophys. Res., 114, C00A14, doi:10.1029/2008JC005084.

Zanna L., P. Heimbach, A.M. Moore and E. Tziperman, 2011: Optimal excitation of interannual Atlantic meridional overturning circulation variability. J. Clim,, 24(2), 413-423, doi:10.1175/2010JCLI3610.1.

Zanna L., P. Heimbach, A.M. Moore and E. Tziperman, 2012: Upper-ocean singular vectors of the North Atlantic climate with implications for linear predictability and variability. Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc., 138(663), 500-513, doi:10.1002/qj.937.

Zhang, J., R. Woodgate, and R. Moritz, 2010: Sea Ice Response to Atmospheric and Oceanic Forcing in the Bering Sea. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 40, 1729–1747.

Bromwich, D. H., K. M. Hines, and L.-S. Bai (2009), Development and testing of Polar WRF: 2. Arctic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D08122, doi:10.1029/2008JD010300.

Brown, R. A., 1981: Modeling the Geostrophic Drag Coefficient for AIDJEX. J. Geophys. Res., 86, 1989-1994

Chelton, D.B., M. Schlax, M.H. Freilich and R.F. Milliff, 2004: Satellite measurements reveal persistent small-scale features in ocean winds. Science, 303, 978–983.

Chelton, D. B., and S.-P. Xie, 2010: Coupled ocean-atmosphere interaction at oceanic mesoscales. Oceanography, 23, 52-69.

Chen, F., and J. Dudhia (2001), Coupling an advanced land-surface/ hydrology model with the Penn State/NCAR MM5 modeling system. Part I: Model implementation and sensitivity, Mon. Weather Rev., 129, 569–585.

Hines, K. M., and D. H. Bromwich, 2008: Development and testing of Polar WRF. Part I: Greenland Ice Sheet meteorology, Mon. Weather Rev., 136, 1971–1989.

Kwok, R., G. Spreen, and S. Pang (2013), Arctic sea ice circulation and drift speed: Decadal trends and ocean currents, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 118, 2408–2425, doi:10.1002/jgrc.20191.

Lindzen, R.S., Nigam, S., 1987: On the role of sea surface temperature gradients in forcing low level winds and convergence in the tropics. J. Atmos. Sci.. 44, 2418–2436.

Overland, J. E., 1985: Atmospheric boundary layer structure and drag coefficients over sea ice. J. Geophys. Res., 90(C5), 9029–9049.

Overland, J. E., and R. L. Colony, 1994: Geostrophic drag coefficients for the central Arctic derived from Soviet drifting station data. Tellus, 46A

Seo, H., A. J. Miller and J. O. Roads, 2007a: The Scripps Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Regional (SCOAR) model, with applications in the eastern Pacific sector. J. Clim., 20, 381-402.

Seo, H., M. Jochum, R. Murtugudde, A. J. Miller, and J. O. Roads, 2007b: Feedback of Tropical Instability Wave – induced Atmospheric Variability onto the Ocean. J. Clim., 20, 5842-5855.

Seo, H., R. Murtugudde, M. Jochum, and A. J. Miller, 2008b: Modeling of Mesoscale Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction and its Feedback to Ocean in the Western Arabian Sea. Ocean Modell., 25,120-13.

Seo, H., and J. Yang (2013), Dynamical response of the Arctic atmospheric boundary layer process to uncertainties in sea-ice concentration, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 118, 1–20. doi:10.1002/2013JD020312.
Skamarock, W. C., J. B. Klemp, J. Dudhia, D. O. Gill, D. M. Barker, W. Wang, and J. G. Powers, 2005: A description of the Advanced Research WRF Version 2. NCAR Tech. Note NCAR/ TN4681STR, NCAR, 88 pp.

Small, R. J., S. de Szoeke, S. P. Xie, L. O’Neill, H. Seo, Q. Song, P. Cornillon, M. Spall, and S. Minobe, 2008: Air-Sea Interaction over Ocean Fronts and Eddies. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 45, 274-319.

Spreen, G., R. Kwok, and D. Menemenlis (2011), Trends in Arctic sea ice drift and role of wind forcing: 1992–2009, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L19501, doi:10.1029/2011GL048970.

Tastula, E.-M., T. Vihma, and E. L. Andreas (2012), Evaluation of Polar WRF from modeling the atmospheric boundary layer over Antarctic Sea ice in autumn and winter, Mon. Weather Rev., 140, 3919–3935.

Valkonen, T., T. Vihma, and M. Doble (2008), Mesoscale modeling of the atmosphere over Antarctic sea ice: A late-autumn case study, Mon. Weather Rev., 136, 1457–1474.

Vihma, T., J. Hartmann, and C. Lüpkes (2003), A case study of an on-ice air flow over the Arctic marginal sea ice zone, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 107, 189–217, doi:10.1023/A:1021599601948.

Wilson, A. B., D. H. Bromwich, and K. M. Hines (2011), Evaluation of Polar WRF forecasts on the Arctic System Reanalysis domain. Part I. Surface and upper air analysis, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D11112, doi:10.1029/ 2010JD015013.

Wilson, A. B., D. H. Bromwich, and K. M. Hines (2012), Evaluation of Polar WRF forecasts on the Arctic System Reanalysis domain. 2. Atmospheric hydrologic cycle, J. Geophys. Res., 17, D04107, doi:10.1029/2011JD016765.

Wu, B., J. Wang, and J. E. Walsh (2006), Dipole anomaly in the winter Arctic atmosphere and its association with Arctic sea ice motion, J. Clim., 19, 210–225, doi:10.1175/JCLI3619.1.

Zhang, J., R. Woodgate, and R. Moritz, 2010: Sea Ice Response to Atmospheric and Oceanic Forcing in the Bering Sea. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 40, 1729–1747.

Alexander, M. A,., Matrosova, L., Penland, C., Scott, J. D. & Chang, P. Forecasting Pacific SSTs, 2008: Linear Inverse Model Predictions of the PDO. Journal of Climate, 21, 385–402.
Allen, M. R., and L. A. Smith, 1997: Optimal filtering in singular spectrum analysis. Phys. Lett., 234, 419–428.
Ashok, K., S. K. Behera, S. A. Rao, H. Weng, and T. Yamagata, 2007: El Niño Modoki and its possible teleconnection, J. Geophys. Res., 112, C11007, doi:10.1029/2006JC003798.
Bakun, A., and S. J. Weeks, 2008: The marine ecosystem off Peru: What are the secrets of its sherry productivity and what might its future hold?, Prog. Oceanogr., 79, 290–299, doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2008.10.027.
Bakun, A., D. B. Enfield, A. Redondo-Rodriguez, and S. J. Weeks, 2010: Greenhouse gas, upwelling- favorable winds, and the future of coastal ocean upwelling ecosystems, Global Change Biol., 16, 1213–1228, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02094.x.
Boer, G.J., 2011: Decadal potential predictability of twenty-first century climate. Clim. Dyn., 36, 1119- 1133.
Bond, N. A., J. E. Overland, M. Spillane, and P. Stabeno, 2003: Recent shifts in the state of the North Pacific, Geophysical Research Letters, 30(23), 4, doi:10.1029/2003gl018597.
Branstator, G. & Teng, H., 2010: Two Limits of Initial-Value Decadal Predictability in a CGCM. Journal of Climate 23, 6292–6311.
*Bromirski, P. D., A. J. Miller, R. E Flick and G. Auad, 2011: Dynamical suppression of sea level rise along the Pacific Coast of North America: Indications for imminent acceleration. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, 116, C07005.
*Cavanaugh, N. R., T. Allen, A. Subramanian, B. Mapes and A. J. Miller, 2013: The skill of tropical Linear Inverse Models in hindcasting the Madden-Julian Oscillation. Clim. Dyn., sub judice.
Ceballos, L. I. and Di Lorenzo, E. and Hoyos, C. D. and Schneider, N. and Taguchi, B., 2009: North Pacific Gyre Oscillation Synchronizes Climate Fluctuations in the Eastern and Western Boundary Systems. Journal of Climate, 22 (19) 5163-5174, doi:10.1175/2009jcli2848.1
Chang, Y., Schubert, S. D. and Suarez, M. J., 2000: Boreal winter predictions with the GEOS-2 GCM: the role of boundary forcing and initial conditions. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 126, 2293-2321.
1
Boer, GJ, Kharin, VV, and Merryfield, WJ, 2013: Decadal predictability and forecast skill. Clim. Dynam.,
41, 1817-1833.
Carton, J.A., and B.S. Giese, 2008: A reanalysis of ocean climate using Simple Ocean Data Assimilation
(SODA), Monthly Weather Review, 136, 2999-3017.
TPI 7433811
Chekroun, M. D., Kondrashov, D. & Ghil, M., 2011: Predicting stochastic systems by noise sampling, and application to the El Niño-Southern Oscillation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 108,11766–71.
Chenillat, F., P. Rivière, X. Capet, P.J.S. Franks, and B. Blanke, 2013: California coastal upwelling onset variability: Cross-shore and bottom-up propagation in the planktonic ecosystem. PLoS ONE 8:e62281, http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0062281.
Chhak, K. C., E. Di Lorenzo, N. Schneider, and P. F. Cummins, 2009: Forcing of Low-Frequency Ocean Variability in the Northeast Pacific, Journal of Climate, 22(5), 1255-1276, doi:10.1175/2008jcli2639.1.
Combes, V., F. Chenillat, E. Di Lorenzo, P. Rivière, M.D. Ohman, and S.J. Bograd, 2013: Crossshore transport variability in the California Current: Ekman upwelling vs. eddy dynamics Progress in Oceanography 109:78–89, http:// dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2012.10.001.
Compo, G.P., J.S. Whitaker, P.D. Sardeshmukh, N. Matsui, R.J. Allan, X. Yin, B.E. Gleason, R.S. Vose, G. Rutledge, P. Bessemoulin, S. Brönnimann, M. Brunet, R.I. Crouthamel, A.N. Grant, P.Y. Groisman, P.D. Jones, M. Kruk, A.C. Kruger, G.J. Marshall, M. Maugeri, H.Y. Mok, Ø. Nordli, T.F. Ross, R.M. Trigo, X.L. Wang, S.D. Woodruff, and S.J. Worley, 2011: The Twentieth Century Reanalysis Project. Quarterly J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 137, 1-28. DOI: 10.1002/qj.776.
Craig A, Vertenstein M, Jacob R, 2011: A new flexible coupler for earth system modeling developed for CESM4 and CESM1. Int J High Perf Comput Appl 26:31–42. doi:10.1177/1094342011428141.
Cummins, P. F., Freeland, H. J., 2007: Variability of the North Pacific Current and its bifurcation. Prog. Oceanogr. 75, 253–265.
Curchitser, E.N., Haidvogel, D.B., Hermann, A.J., Dobbins, E.L., Powell, T.M., Kaplan, A., 2005: Multi- scale modeling of the North Pacific Ocean: Assessment and analysis of simulated basin-scale variability (1996––2003). J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 110, C11021, doi:10.1029/2005JC002902.
Dettinger, M., F. M. Ralph, T. Das, P. J. Neiman and D. R. Cayan, 2011: Atmospheric Rivers, Floods and the Water Resources of California. Water, 3, 445-478. doi:10.3390/w3020445.
*DeFlorio, M. J., D. W. Pierce, D. R. Cayan and A. J. Miller, 2013: Western U.S. extreme precipitation events and their relation to ENSO and PDO in CCSM4. Journal of Climate, 26, 4231-4243.
*DeFlorio, M. J., S. J. Ghan, A. J. Miller, D. R. Cayan, L. M. Russell and R. C. J. Somerville, 2013: Semi-direct dynamical and radiative effect of North African dust transport on lower atropospheric clouds over the subtropical North Atlantic in CESM 1.0. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., sub judice.
DelSole, T., and M. K. Tippett, 2008: Predictable Components and Singular Vectors. J. Atmos. Sci., 65, 1666-1678.
Deser, C., A. Phillips, and J. W. Hurrell, 2004: Pacific interdecadal climate variability: Linkages between the Tropics and North Pacific during boreal winter since 1900. J. Climate, 17, 3109-3124.
2
Compo,G.P., J.S. Whitaker, and P.D. Sardeshmukh, 2006: Feasibility of a 100 year reanalysis using only surface pressure data. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 87, 175-190
TPI 7433811
Deser, C., A. S. Phillips, R. A. Tomas, Y. Okumura, M. A. Alexander, A. Capotondi, J. D. Scott, Y. -O.
Kwon, and M. Ohba, 2012: ENSO and Pacific Decadal Variability in Community Climate System
Model Version 4. J. Climate, 25, 2622-2651, 10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00301.1
*Di Lorenzo, E., N. Schneider, K. Cobb, P. Franks, K. Chhak, A. J. Miller, et al., 2008: North Pacific Gyre Oscillation links ocean climate and ecosystem change, Geophysical Research Letters, 35(8), doi:10.1029/2007gl032838.
*Di Lorenzo, E., J. Fiechter, N. Schneider, A. Bracco, A. J. Miller, et al., 2009: Nutrient and salinity decadal variations in the central and eastern North Pacific, Geophysical Research Letters, 36, doi:10.1029/2009gl038261.
Di Lorenzo, E. and Cobb, K. M. and Furtado, J. C. and Schneider, N. and Anderson, B. T. and Bracco, A. and Alexander, M. A. and Vimont, D. J., 2010: Central Pacific El Nino and decadal climate change in the North Pacific Ocean. Nature Geoscience, 3 (11) 762-765, doi:10.1038/ngeo984.
Di Lorenzo, E., et al., 2013: Synthesis of Pacific Ocean climate and ecosystem dynamics, Oceanography, submitted.
Ding, H, Greatbatch, RJ, Latif, M., Park, W, Gerdes, R, 2013: Hindcast of the 1976/77 and 1998/99 Climate Shifts in the Pacific. J. Climate., 26, 7650-7661.
Feng S, Oglesby, RJ, Rowe CM, et al., 2008: Atlantic and Pacific SST influences on Medieval drought in North America simulated by the Community Atmospheric Model. J. Geophys, Res.-Atmos., 113, D11101.
*Franks, P. J. S., E. Di Lorenzo, N. L. Goebel, F. Chenillat, P. Riviere, C. A. Edwards and A. J. Miller, 2013: Modeling physical-biological responses to climate change in the California Current System. Oceanography, 26, 26-33.
Freeland, H. J., Gatien, G., Huyer, A., Smith, R. L., 2003: Cold halocline in the northern California Current: An invasion of Subarctic water. Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1141, doi:10.1029/2002GL016663.
*Freeman, L. A., A. J. Miller, R. D. Norris and J. E. Smith, 2012: Classification of remote Pacific coral reefs by physical oceanographic environment. Journal of Geophysical Res.-Oceans, 117, C02007.
*Freeman, L. A., J. A. Kleypas and A. J. Miller, 2013: Coral reef habitat response to climate change scenarios. PLoS ONE, in press.
Furtado, J. C. and Di Lorenzo, E. and Anderson, B. T. and Schneider, N., 2012: Linkages between the North Pacific Oscillation and central tropical Pacific SSTs at low frequencies. Climate Dynamics, 39 (12) 2833-2846, doi:10.1007/s00382-011-1245-4
García-Reyes, M., and J. Largier, 2010: Observations of increased wind- driven coastal upwelling off central California, J. Geophys. Res., 115, C04011, doi:10.1029/2009JC005576.
3
Frierson, D. M. W., Hwang, Y.-T., Fuckar, N. S., Seager, R., Kang, S. M., Donohoe, A., Maroon, E. A.,
Liu, X., and D. S. Battisti, 2013: Contribution of ocean overturning circulation to tropical rainfall
peak in the Northern Hemisphere. Nature Geoscience, advance online publication, doi:
10.1038/ngeo1987.
TPI 7433811
Gent, Peter R., James C. McWilliams, 1990: Isopycnal Mixing in Ocean Circulation Models. J. Phys.
Oceanogr., 20, 150–155.
Gershunov, A. and T. Barnett, 1998: Inter-decadal modulation of ENSO teleconnections. Bulletin of the
American Meteorological Society, 79, 2715-2725.
Giese, B.S., and S. Ray, 2011: El Niño variability in simple ocean data assimilation (SODA), 1871-2008. Journal of Geophysical Research, 116, C02024, doi:10.1029/2010JC006695.
Goddard, L., A. Kumar, A. Solomon, D. Smith, G. Boer, P. Gonzalez, V. Kharin, W. Merryfield, C. Deser and S. J. Mason, et al., 2013: A verification framework for interannnual-to-decadal prediction experiments. Clim. Dyn. DOI: 10.1007/s00382-012-1481-2.
Guan , B., N. P. Molotch, D. E. Waliser, E. J. Fetzer, P. J. Neiman, 2013: The 2010/2011 snow season in California’s Sierra Nevada: Role of atmospheric rivers and modes of large-scale variability. Water Resources Research, 49, 6731–6743.
*Haidvogel, D.B., H. Arango, W.P. Budgell, B.D. Cornuelle, E. Curchitser, E. Di Lorenzo,
2008: Ocean forecasting in terrain-following coordinates: Formulation and skill assessment of the Regional Ocean
Modeling System. Journal of Computational Physics 227:3,595–3,624 Hidalgo, H. G., and J. A. Dracup, 2003: ENSO and PDO effects on hydroclimatic variations of the upper
Colorado River basin. J. Hydrometeor., 4, 5–23. Hunt,B.G. and T. I. Elliott, 2005: A Simulation of the Climatic Conditions Associated with the Collapse
of the Maya Civilization. Climatic Change 69, 393-407 DOI 10.1007/s10584-005-2794-5 Jayne, S. R., 2009: The impact of abyssal mixing parameterizations in an ocean general circulation model.
J. Phys. Oceanogr., 39, 1756–1775. Jochum,M., B. P. Briegleb, G. Danabasoglu,W. G. Large, N. J. Norton, S. R. Jayne, M. H. Alford, and F.
O. Bryan, 2013: The impact of oceanic near-inertial waves on climate. J. Climate, 26, 2833.
Juang HMH, Kanamitsu M, 1994: The NMC nested regional spectral model. Mon Wea Rev 122:3–26.
*Kim, H.-J., A. J. Miller, J. McGowan and M. Carter, 2009: Coastal phytoplankton blooms in the Southern California Bight. Progress in Oceanography, 82, 137-147.
Kleeman, R., 2002: Measuring dynamical prediction utility using relative entropy. J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 2057–2072.
4
Gu, D., and S. G. H. Philander, 1997: Interdecadal climate fluctuations that depend on exchanges between
the tropics and extratropics. Science, 275, 805–807.
Guirguis, K., A. Gershunov, R. Schwartz and S. Bennett, 2011: Recent warm and cold daily winter
temperature extremes in the Northern Hemisphere, Geophysical Research Letters, 38, L17701,
doi:10.1029/2011GL048762.
K. Fennel, W.
R. Geyer, A. J. Hermann, L. Lanerolle, J. Levin, J. C. McWilliams, A. J. Miller, A. M. Moore, T. M.
Powell, A. F. Shchepetkin, C. R. Sherwood, R. P. Signell, J. C. Warner, and J. Wilkin,
TPI 7433811
Kondrashov, D., Chekroun, M. D., Robertson, a. W. & Ghil, M., 2013: Low-order stochastic model and “past-noise forecasting” of the Madden-Julian Oscillation. Geophysical Research Letters 40, 5305– 5310.
Kwon, Y.-O., and C. Deser, 2007: North Pacific Decadal Variability in Community Climate System Model Version 2. J. Climate, 20, 2416–2433.
Linkin, M. E., S. Nigam, 2008: The North Pacific Oscillation–West Pacific Teleconnection Pattern: Mature-Phase Structure and Winter Impacts. J. Climate, 21, 1979–1997.
Liu, Z., and M. Alexander, 2007: Atmospheric bridge, oceanic tunnel, and global climatic teleconnections. Rev. Geophys., 45, RG2005, doi:10.1029/2005RG000172.
*Macias, D., M. R. Landry, A. Gershunov, A. J. Miller and P. S. Franks, 2012: Climatic control of upwelling variability along the western North-American Coast. PLoS ONE, 7, e30436, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0030436.
Majda, A,, R. Abramov, and M. Grote, 2005: Information Theory and Stochastics for Multiscale Nonlinear Systems. American Mathematical Society, Providence.
Majda, A. J., Franzke, C. & Crommelin, D. Normal forms for reduced stochastic climate models, 2009: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106, 3649– 3653.
Mantua, N. J., S. R. Hare, Y. Zhang, J. M. Wallace, and R. C. Francis, 1997: A Pacific interdecadal climate oscillation with impacts on salmon production, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 78(6), 1069-1079.
Meehl, G.A., L. Goddard, J. Murphy, R.J. Stouffer, G. Boer, G. Danabasoglu, K. Dixon, M.A. Giorgetta, A. Greene, E. Hawkins, G. Hegerl, D. Karoly, N. Keenlyside, M. Kimoto, B. Kirtman, A. Navarra, R. Pulwarty, D. Smith, D. Stammer, and T. Stockdale, 2009: Decadal prediction: Can it be skillful? Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc., 90, 1467-1485.
Meehl, G. A., L. Goddard, G. Boer, R. Burgman, G. Branstator, C. Cassou, S. Corti, G. Danabasoglu, F. Doblas-Reyes, E. Hawkins, A. Karspeck, M. Kimoto, A. Kumar, D. Matei, J. Mignot, R. Msadek, H. Pohlmann, M. Rienecker, T. Rosati, E. Schneider, D. Smith, R. Sutton, H. Teng, G. J. van Oldenborgh, G. Vecchi, and S. Yeager, 2013: Decadal Climate Prediction: An Update from the Trenches. Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc., in press.
Miller, A. J. and N. Schneider, 2000: Interdecadal climate regime dynamics in the North Pacific Ocean: Theories, observations and ecosystem impacts. Progress in Oceanography, 47, 355-379.
5
LaDochy, S., J. Brown, W. Patzert and M. Selke, 2004: Can U.S. west coast climate be forecast? Preprint CD-ROM, Symposium on ‘Forecasting the Weather and Climate of the Atmosphere and Ocean’, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Jan. 11-14, Seattle, WA.
Mantua, N. J. and Hare, S. R., 2002: The Pacific Decadal Oscillation. Journal of Oceanography 58 (1):
35–44.
Miller, A. J., F. Chai, S. Chiba, J. R. Moisan and D. J. Neilson, 2004: Decadal-scale climate and
ecosystem interactions in the North Pacific Ocean. Journal of Oceanography, 60, 163-188.
TPI 7433811
*Miller, A. J., H. Song and A. C. Subramanian, 2013: The physical oceanographic environment during the CCE Years: Changes in climate and concepts. Deep-Sea Res. II, sub judice.
*Moore, A., H. Arango, E. Di Lorenzo, A. J. Miller and B. Cornuelle, 2007: An adjoint sensitivity analysis of the Southern California Current circulation and ecosystem. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 39, 702- 720.
Newman, M., G. P. Compo, M. A. Alexander, 2003: ENSO-forced variability of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. J. Climate, 16, 3853-3857.
Newman, M., Sardeshmukh, P. D. & Penland, C., 2009: How Important Is Air–Sea Coupling in ENSO and MJO Evolution? Journal of Climate 22, 2958–2977.
Nonaka, M., S.-P. Xie, and J. P. McCreary, 2002: Decadal variations in the subtropical cells and equatorial Pacific SST. Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 1116, doi:10.1029/2001GL013717
Oglesby, R. J. and D. J. Erickson III, 1989: Soil moisture and the persistence of North American drought. J. Climate 2, 1362-1380.
Oglesby, R. J., T. L. Sever, W. Saturno, D. J. Erickson, III, and J. Srikishen, 2010: “Collapse of the Maya: Could deforestation have contributed?”, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D12106, doi:10.1029/2009JD011942.
*Overland, J., J. Alheit, A. Bakun, J. Hurrell, D. L. Mackus and A. J. Miller, 2010: Climate controls on marine ecosystems and fish populations. Journal of Marine Systems, 79, 305-315
Penland, C, 1989: Random Forcing and Forecasting using Principal Oscillation Pattern Analysis, Monthly Weather Review, 117, 2165-2185.
Penland, C., and T. Magorian, 1993: Prediction of Niño 3 Sea-surface Temperature Anomalies using Linear Inverse Modeling,J. Climate, 6, 1067-1075.
Penland, C., and P. D. Sardeshmukh, 1995: The optimal growth of tropical sea surface temperature anomalies, J. Climate, 8, 1999-2024.
Qiu, B., N. Schneider, and S. M. Chen, 2007: Coupled decadal variability in the North Pacific: An observationally constrained idealized model, Journal of Climate, 20(14), 3602-3620.
6
Nigam, S., M. Barlow, E. H. Berbery, 1999: Analysis links Pacific decadal variability to drought and streamflow in United States. Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union. 80, 621-625
Penland, C., L. Matrosova, 1994: A Balance Condition for Stochastic Numerical Models with Application
to the El Niño-Southern Oscillation. J. Climate, 7, 1352–1372.
*Putrasahan, D. A., J. Miller, and H. Seo, 2013a: Regional coupled ocean-atmosphere downscaling in the Southeast Pacific: Impacts on upwelling, mesoscale air-sea fluxes, and ocean eddies. Ocean Dynamics, 63, 463-488.
*Putrasahan, D. A., J. Miller, and H. Seo, 2013b: Isolating Mesoscale Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions in the Kuroshio Extension Region. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 63, 60-78.
TPI 7433811
Qiu, B., S. Chen, N. Schneider and B. Taguchi, 2013: A coupled decadal prediction of the dynamic state of the Kuroshio Extension System. Journal of Climate, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-13- 00318.1
Rykaczewski, R. R., and D. M. Checkley Jr., 2008: Influence of ocean winds on the pelagic ecosystem in upwelling regions, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 105, 1965–1970, doi:10.1073/pnas.0711777105.
Sasaki,Y., N. Schneider, N. Maximenko, and K. Lebedev, 2010: Observational evidence for propagation of decadal spiciness anomalies in the North Pacific. Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L07708, doi:10.1029/2010GL042716.
Seager, R., Y. Kushnir, M. F. Ting, M. Cane, N. Naik, and J. Miller, 2008: Would advance knowledge of 1930s SSTs have allowed prediction of the Dust Bowl drought? J. Climate, 21, 3261–3281.
Schneider, N., S. Venzke, A. J. Miller, D. W. Pierce, T. P. Barnett, C. Deser and M. Latif, 1999: Pacific thermocline bridge revisited. Geophysical Research Letters, 26, 1329-1332.
Schneider, N. and A. J. Miller, 2001: Predicting western North Pacific Ocean climate. Journal of Climate (letters), 14, 3997-4002.
Schneider, N., A. J. Miller and D. W. Pierce, 2002: Anatomy of North Pacific decadal variability. Journal of Climate, 15, 586-605.
Schneider, N., Cornuelle, B.D., 2005: The forcing of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. Journal of Climate 18, 4355–4372
Seo, H., M. Jochum, R. Murtugudde, and A. J. Miller, 2006: Effect of Ocean Mesoscale Variability on the Mean State of Tropical Atlantic Climate. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L09606.
Seo, H., A. J. Miller, and J. O. Roads, 2007a: The Scripps Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Regional (SCOAR) model, with applications in the eastern Pacific sector. J. Clim., 20, 381-402.
Seo, H., M. Jochum, R. Murtugudde, A. J. Miller, and J. O. Roads, 2007b: Feedback of Tropical Instability Wave – induced Atmospheric Variability onto the Ocean. J. Clim., 20, 5842-5855.
Seo, H., M. Jochum, R. Murtugudde, A. J. Miller, and J. O. Roads, 2008a: Precipitation from African Easterly Waves in a Coupled Model of the Tropical Atlantic. J. Clim., 21, 1417-1431.
Seo, H., R. Murtugudde, M. Jochum, and A. J. Miller, 2008b: Modeling of Mesoscale Coupled Ocean- Atmosphere Interaction and its Feedback to Ocean in the Western Arabian Sea. Ocean Modell., 25,120-131.
Seo, H., S.-P. Xie, R. Murtugudde, M. Jochum, and A. J. Miller, 2009: Seasonal effects of Indian Ocean freshwater forcing in a regional coupled model. J. Clim., 22, 6577-6596.
Seo, H., and S.-P. Xie, 2011: Response and Impact of Equatorial Ocean Dynamics and Tropical Instability Waves in the Tropical Atlantic under Global Warming: A regional coupled downscaling study. J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 116, C03026.
7
TPI 7433811
Seo, H., K. H. Brink, C. E. Dorman, D. Koracin, and C. A. Edwards, 2012: What determines the spatial pattern in summer upwelling trends on the U.S. West Coast?, J. Geophys. Res., 117, C08012, doi:10.1029/2012JC008016.
Seo, H. and S.-P. Xie, 2013: Impact of ocean warm layer thickness on the intensity of hurricane Katrina in a regional coupled model. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 122, 19-32, doi:10.1007/s00703-013-0275-3
Seo, H., A. J. Miller, N. R. Cavanaugh, R. Murtugudde, M. Jochum and D. E. Waliser, 2013: The role of interactive sea surface temperatures in wavenumber-frequency characteristics of the boreal winter Madden Julian Oscillation. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans., in preparation.
Shchepetkin, A.F., and J.C. McWilliams, 2005: The regional oceanic modeling system (ROMS): A split- explicit, free-surface, topographyfollowing- coordinate oceanic model. Ocean Modelling 9:347–404.
Smith, D. M., A. A. Scaife, G. J. Boer, M. Caian, F. J. Doblas-Reyes, V. Guemas, E. Hawkins, W. Hazeleger, L. Hermanson, C. K. Ho, M. Ishii, V. Kharin, M. Kimoto, B. Kirtman, J. Lean, D. Matei, W. A. Müller, H. Pohlmann, A. Rosati, B. Wouters, K. Wyser, 2013: Real-time multi-model decadal predictions. Clim. Dyn, 41, 2875-2888.
Solomon, A. and co-authors, 2011: Distinguishing the roles of natural and anthropogenically forced decadal climate variability. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 92, 141-156
*Song, H., A. J. Miller, B. Cornuelle and E. Di Lorenzo, 2011: Changes in upwelling and its water sources in the CCS driven by different wind forcing. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 52, 170-191.
*Song, H., A. J. Miller, S. McClatchie, E. D. Weber, K. M. Nieto and D. M. Checkley, 2012: Application of a data-assimilation model to variability of Pacific sardine spawning and survivor habitats with ENSO in the California Current System. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, 117, C03009, doi:10.1029/2011JC007302.
Stewart, IT, Cayan, DR, Dettinger, MD, 2005: Changes toward earlier streamflow timing across western North America. J. Climate, 18, 1136-1155.
*Subramanian, A., M. Jochum, A. J. Miller, R. Neale, H. Seo, D. Waliser and R. Murtugudde, 2013: The MJO and global warming: A study in CCSM4. Clim. Dyn., in press.
Teng, H. & Branstator, G., 2010: Initial-value predictability of prominent modes of North Pacific subsurface temperature in a CGCM. Climate Dynamics 36, 1813–1834.
Timmermann, A., S.-I. An, U. Krebs, H. Goosse, 2005: ENSO Suppression due to Weakening of the North Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation. Journal of Climate, 18, 3122-3139.
Ting, M. F., Y. Kushnir, R. Seager and C. H. Li, 2009: Forced and Internal Twentieth-Century SST Trends in the North Atlantic. J. Climate, 22(6): 1469-1481.
8

Skamarock, W. C., J. B. Klemp, J. Dudhia, D. O. Gill, D. M. Barker, M. Duda, X.-Y. Huang, W. Wang
and J. G. Powers, 2008: A Description of the Advanced Research WRF Version 3, NCAR Technical
Thompson, D. W. J., and J. M. Wallace, 1998: The Arctic Oscillation signature in the wintertime geopotential height and temperature fields. Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, No. 9, 1297-1300.
Venske, S., M. R. Allen, R. T. Sutton, and D. P. Rowell, 1999: The atmospheric response over the North Atlantic to decadal changes in sea surface temperature. J. Climate, 12, 2562–2584.
Vimont, D. J., 2005: The contribution of the interannual ENSO cycle to the spatial pattern of decadal ENSO-like variability, Journal of Climate, 18, 2080-2092, doi:10.1175/jcli3365.1.
Walker, G. T., and E. W. Bliss, 1932: World weather V. Mem. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 4, 53–84. *Yeh, S.-W., Y.-J. Kang, Y. Noh and A. J. Miller, 2011: The North Pacific climate transitions of the
winters of 1976/77 and 1988/89. Journal of Climate, 24, 1170-1183.
Zhang, Y., J. M. Wallace, and D. S. Battisti, 1997: ENSO-like interdecadal variability: 1900-93, Journal of Climate, 10, 1004-1020.
Alexander, M.A., H. Seo, S.-P. Xie, and J.D. Scott, 2012: ENSO’s impact on the gap wind regions of the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean Journal of Climate, 25, 3549-3565.
Anchukaitis, K.J., M.H. Gagen, B.M. Buckley, D. Martin-Benito, C. Ummenhofer, and L.C. Nam, 2013: Monsoon circulation strength inferred from a multicentury tree-ring stable isotope chronology from southeast Asia. Poster OSM01-08 at 4th PAGES Open Science Meeting, Goa, India, Feb13 – 16.
Barnes, E.A., J. Slingo, and T. Woollings, 2012: A methodology for the comparison of blocking climatologies across indices, models and climate scenarios. Climate Dynamics, 38, 2467-2481.
Barnston, A.G., and R.E. Livezey, 1987: Classification, seasonality and persistence of low-frequency atmospheric circulation patterns. Monthly Weather Review, 115, 1083-1126.
Barrier, N., A. Treguier, C. Cassou, and J. Deshayes, 2012: Impact of the winter north-Atlantic weather regimes on subtropical sea-surface height variability. Climate Dynamics, DOI: 10.1007/s00382-012- 1578-7
Barrier, N., A. Treguier, C. Cassou, and J. Deshayes, 2013: Response of North-Atlantic Ocean circulation to atmospheric weather regimes. Journal of Physical Oceanography, submitted.
Barriopedro, D., R. Garcia-Herrera, A.R. Lupo, and E. Hernandez, 2006: A climatology of Northern Hemisphere blocking. Journal of Climate, 19, 1042-1063.
Barriopedro, D., R. Garcia-Herrera, and R.M. Trigo, 2010a: Application of blocking diagnosis methods to general circulation models. Part I: A novel detection scheme. Climate Dynamics, 35, 1373-1391.
Barriopedro, D, R. Garcia-Herrera, J.F. Gonzalez-Rouco, and R.M. Trigo, 2010b: Application of blocking diagnosis methods to general circulation models. Part II: Model simulations. Climate Dynamics, 35, 1393-1409.
Berrisford, P., B.J. Hoskins, and E. Tyrlis, 2007: Blocking and Rossby wave breaking on the dynamical tropopause in the Southern Hemisphere. Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 64, 2881-2898.
Bersch, M., 2002: North Atlantic Oscillation-induced changes of the upper layer circulation in the northern North Atlantic Ocean, Journal of Geophysical Research, 107 (C10), 3156, doi:10.1029/2001JC000901.
Bersch, M., I. Yashayaev, and K.P. Koltermann, 2008: Recent changes of the thermohaline circulation in the subpolar North Atlantic. Ocean Dynamics, 57, 223-235.
Biastoch, A., C.W. Böning, J. Getzlaff, J.M. Molines, and G. Madec, 2008: Mechanisms of interannual – decadal variability in the meridional overturning circulation of the mid-latitude North Atlantic Ocean. Journal of Climate, 21, 6599-6615.
Bjerknes, J., 1969: Atlantic air-sea interaction. Advances in Geophysics. Academic Press, 1-82. Böning, C.W., M. Scheinert, J. Dengg, A. Biastoch, and A. Funk, 2006: Decadal variability of subpolar gyre transport and its reverberation in the North Atlantic overturning, Geophysical Research Letters,
33, L21S01, doi:10.1029/2006GL026906. Booth B.B., N.J. Dunstone, P.R. Halloran, T. Andrews, and N. Bellouin, 2012: Aerosols implicated as a
prime driver of twentieth-century North Atlantic climate variability. Nature, 484, 228-232. Boyer, T.P., J.I. Antonov, O.K. Baranova, H.E. Garcia, D.R. Johnson, R.A. Locarnini, A.V. Mishonov, T.D. O’Brien, D. Seidov, I.V. Smolyar, M.M. Zweng, 2009: World Ocean Database 2009. S. Levitus,
Ed., NOAA Atlas NESDIS 66, U.S. Gov. Printing Office, Wash., D.C., 216 pp., DVDs. Brauch J., and R. Gerdes, 2005: Response of the northern North Atlantic and Arctic oceans to a sudden change of the North Atlantic Oscillation. Journal of Geophysical Research, 110,
doi:10.1029/2004JC002436.
1
Briegleb, B., C. Bitz, E. Hunke, W. Lipscomb, M. Holland, J. Schramm, and R. Moritz, 2004: Scientific description of the sea ice component in the Community Climate System Model, Version 3. NCAR Technical Report No. NCAR/TN-463+STR.
Briegleb, B.P., G. Danabasoglu, and W.G. Large, 2010: An overflow parameterization for the ocean component of the Community Climate System Model. NCAR Tech. Note NCAR/ TN-4811STR, 72 pp.
Carton, J.A., and B.S. Giese, 2008: A reanalysis of ocean climate using Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA), Monthly Weather Review, 136, 2999-3017.
Compo,G.P., J.S. Whitaker, and P.D. Sardeshmukh, 2006: Feasibility of a 100 year reanalysis using only surface pressure data. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 87, 175-190.
Compo, G.P., J.S. Whitaker, P.D. Sardeshmukh, N. Matsui, R.J. Allan, X. Yin, B.E. Gleason, R.S. Vose, G. Rutledge, P. Bessemoulin, S. Brönnimann, M. Brunet, R.I. Crouthamel, A.N. Grant, P.Y. Groisman, P.D. Jones, M. Kruk, A.C. Kruger, G.J. Marshall, M. Maugeri, H.Y. Mok, Ø. Nordli, T.F. Ross, R.M. Trigo, X.L. Wang, S.D. Woodruff, and S.J. Worley, 2011: The Twentieth Century Reanalysis Project. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 137, 1-28.
Coumou, D., and S. Rahmstorf, 2012: A decade of weather extremes. Nature Climate Change, 2, 491- 496.
Curry, R., and M. McCartney, 2001: Ocean gyre circulation changes associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 31(12), 3374-3400.
Czaja, A. and C. Frankignoul, 2002: Observed impact of Atlantic SST anomalies on the North Atlantic Oscillation. Journal of Climate, 15, 606-623.
Danabasoglu, G., and J. Marshall, 2007: Effects of vertical variations of thickness diffusivity in an ocean general circulation model. Ocean Modelling, 18, 122-141.
Danabasoglu, G., R. Ferrari, and J.C. McWilliams, 2008: Sensitivity of an ocean general circulation model to a parameterization of near-surface eddy fluxes. Journal of Climate, 21, 1192–1208.
Danabasoglu, G., W.G. Large, and B.P. Briegleb, 2010: Climate impacts of parameterized Nordic Sea overflows. Journal of Geophysical Research, 115, C11005, doi:10.1029/2010JC006243.
Danabasoglu, G., S.C. Bates, B.P. Briegleb, S.R. Jayne, M. Jochum, W.G. Large, S. Peacock, S.G. Yeager, 2012: The CCSM4 Ocean Component. Journal of Climate, 25, 1361-1389.
Danabasoglu, G., et al., 2013: North Atlantic Simulations in Coordinated Ocean-ice Reference Experiments phase II (CORE-II). Part I: Mean States. Ocean Modelling, submitted.
Davini, P., C. Cagnazzo, R. Neale, and J. Tribbia, 2012: Coupling between Greenland blocking and the North Atlantic Oscillation pattern. Geophysical Research Letters, 39, L14701, doi:10.1029/2012GL052315.
Davis, X.J., F. Straneo, Y.-O. Kwon, K.A. Kelly, and J.M. Toole, 2013: Evolution and formation of North Atlantic Eighteen Degree Water in the Sargasso Sea from moored data. Deep-Sea Research II, 91, 11- 24.
Dee, D.P., et al., 2011: The ERA-Interim reanalysis: configuration and performance of the data assimilation system. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 137, 656, 553-597.
Delworth, T., S. Manabe, and R. Stouffer, 1993: Interdecadal variations of the thermohaline circulation in a coupled ocean-atmosphere model. Journal of Climate, 6, 1993-2011.
Delworth T.L., and R.J. Greatbatch, 2000: Multidecadal thermohaline circulation variability driven by atmospheric surface flux forcing. Journal of Climate, 13, 1481-1495.
Deser C., M.A. Alexander, S.-P. Xie, and A.S. Phillips, 2010: Sea surface temperature variability: patterns and mechanisms. Annual Reviews Marine Science, 2010.2, 115-143.
Dickson, R.R., J. Lazier, J. Meincke, P. Rhines, and J. Swift, 1996: Long-term co-ordinated changes in the convective activity of the North Atlantic. Progress in Oceanography, 38, 241-295.
2
Dole, R.M., 1986: The life cycles of persistent anomalies and blocking over the North Pacific. Advances in Geophysics, 29, Academic Press, 31-69.
Dole, R., and N. Gordon, 1983: Persistent anomalies of the extra-tropical Northern Hemisphere wintertime circulation: Geographical distribution and regional persistence characteristics. Monthly Weather Review, 111, 1567-1586.
Dong, L., T.J. Vogelsang, and S.J. Colucci, 2008: Interdecadal trend and ENSO-related interannual variability in Southern Hemisphere blocking. Journal of Climate, 21, 3068-3077.
Douglass, E.M., Y.-O. Kwon, and S.R. Jayne, 2013: A comparison of Subtropical Mode Waters in a climatologically-forced model. Deep-Sea Research II, 91, 139-151.
Dunn-Sigouin, E., S.-W. Son, and H. Lin, 2013: Evaluation of Northern Hemisphere blocking climatology in the Global Environment Multiscale model. Monthly Weather Review, 141, 707-727.
Dunn-Sigouin, E., and S.-W. Son, 2013: Northern Hemisphere blocking frequency and duration in the CMIP5 models. Journal of Geophysical Research, 118, 1179-1188.
Eden, C., and T. Jung, 2001: North Atlantic interdecadal variability: Oceanic response to the North Atlantic Oscillation (1865–1997). Journal of Climate, 14, 676–691.
Eden C. and J. Willebrand, 2001: Mechanism of interannual to decadal variability of the North Atlantic circulation. Journal of Climate, 14, 2266-2280.
Enfield, D.B., A.M. Mestas-Nunez, and P.J. Trimble, 2001: The Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation and its relationship to rainfall and river flows in the continental U.S. Geophysical Research Letters, 28: 2077- 2080.
Fox-Kemper, B., and G. Danabasoglu, R. Ferrari, S.M. Griffies, R.W. Hallberg, M.M. Holland, M.E. Maltrud, S. Peacock, and B.L. Samuels, 2011: Parameterization of mixed layer eddies. Part III: Implementation and impact in global ocean climate simulations. Ocean Modelling, 39, 61-78.
Frankignoul, C, 1985: Sea surface temperature anomalies, planetary waves and air-sea feedback in the middle latitudes. Reviews of Geophysics, 23, 357-390.
Frankignoul, C., P. Muller, and E. Zorita, 1997: A simple model of the decadal response of the ocean to stochastic wind forcing. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 27, 1533-1546.
Frankignoul, C., N. Sennéchael, Y.-O. Kwon, and M.A. Alexander, 2011: Atmosphere-ocean variability associated with Kuroshio and Oyashio Extension fluctuations. Journal of Climate, 24, 762-777.
Fratantoni, D.M., Y.-O. Kwon, and B.A. Hodges, 2013: Direct observation of Subtropical Mode Water circulation in the Western North Atlantic ocean. Deep-Sea Research II, 91, 35-56.
Garcia-Herrera, R., J. Diaz, R. M. Trigo, J. Luterbacher, and E.M. Fischer, 2010: A review of the European summer heat wave of 2003. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 40, 4, DOI:10.1080/10643380802238137.
Gastineau, G., and C. Frankignoul, 2012: Cold-season atmospheric response to the natural variability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. Climate Dynamics, 39, 37-57.
Gastineau, G., F. D’Andrea, and C. Frankignoul, 2013: Atmospheric response to the North Atlantic Ocean variability on seasonal to decadal time scales. Climate Dynamics, 40, 2311-2330.
Giese, B.S., and S. Ray (2011), El Niño variability in simple ocean data assimilation (SODA), 1871-2008. Journal of Geophysical Research, 116, C02024, doi:10.1029/2010JC006695.
Gregory, D., R. Kershaw, and P.M. Inness, 1997: Parametrization of momentum transport by convection. II: Tests in single-column and general circulation models. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 123, 1153-1183.
Griffies, S.M., et al., 2009: Coordinated Ocean-ice Reference Experiments (COREs). Ocean Modelling, 26, 1-46.
3
Grist, J., S.A. Josey, R. Marsh, Y.-O. Kwon, R.J. Bingham, and A.T. Blaker, 2013: The surface-forced overturning of the North Atlantic: Estimates from Modern Era Atmospheric Reanalysis datasets, Journal of Climate, submitted.
Gulev, S.K., M. Latif, N. Keenlyside, W. Park, and K.P. Koltermann, 2013: North Atlantic Ocean control on surface heat flux on multidecadal timescales. Nature, 499, 464-467.
Haines, K., and J. Marshall, 1987: Eddy-forced coherent structures as a prototype of atmospheric blocking. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 113, 681-709.
Häkkinen, S., 1999: Variability of the simulated meridional heat transport in the North Atlantic for the period 1951-1993. Journal of Geophysical Research, 104, 10991-11008.
Häkkinen, S., and P.B. Rhines, 2004: Decline of subpolar North Atlantic circulation during the 1990s. Science, 304, 555-559.
Häkkinen, S., P.B. Rhines, and D.L. Worthen, 2011a: Atmospheric blocking and Atlantic Multidecadal Ocean variability. Science, 334, 655-659.
Häkkinen, S., P.B. Rhines, and D.L. Worthen, 2011b: Warm and saline events embedded in the meridional circulation of the northern North Atlantic. Journal of Geophysical Research, 116, doi:10.1029/2010JC006275.
Hatun, H., A.B. Sando, H. Drange, B. Hansen, and H. Valdimarsson, 2005: Influence of the Atlantic subpolar gyre on the thermohaline circulation. Science, 309, 1841-1844.
Hinton, T.J., B.J. Hoskins, and G.M. Martin, 2009: The influence of tropical sea-surface temperatures and precipitation on North Pacific atmospheric blocking. Climate Dynamics, 33, 549-563.
Hoskins B.J., and P.J. Valdes, 1990: On the existence of storm-tracks. Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 47, 1854-1864.
Hoskins, B., I. James, and G. White, 1983: The shape, propagation and mean-flow interaction of large- scale weather systems. Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 40, 1595-1612.
Hurrell, J.W., Y. Kushnir, and M. Visbeck, 2001: The North Atlantic Oscillation. Science, 291, 603-605. Iacono, M.J., J.S. Delamere, E.J. Mlawer, M.W. Shephard, S.A. Clough, and W.D Collins, 2008: Radiative forcing by long-lived greenhouse gases: Calculations with the AER radiative transfer models.
Journal of Geophysical Research, 113, D13103, doi:10.1029/2008JD009944. Ingleby, B., and M. Huddleston, 2007: Quality control of ocean temperature and salinity profiles –
historical and real-time data. Journal of Marine Systems, 65, 158-175. Jochum, M., and J. Potemra, 2008: Sensitivity of tropical rainfall to Banda Sea diffusivity in the
Community Climate System Model. Journal of Climate, 21, 6445-6454. Jochum, M., 2009: Impact of latitudinal variations in vertical diffusivity on climate simulations. Journal
of Geophysical Research, 114, C01010, doi:10.1029/2008JC005030.Car Joyce, T.M., C. Deser, and M.A. Spall, 2000: The relation between decadal variability of Subtropical
Mode Water and the North Atlantic Oscillation. Journal of Climate, 13, 2550-2569. Joyce, T.M., Y.-O. Kwon, and L. Yu, 2009: On the relationship between synoptic wintertime atmospheric variability and path shifts in the Gulf Stream and Kuroshio Extension. Journal of Climate, 22, 3177-
3192. Joyce, T.M., J.M. Toole, P. Klein, and L.N. Thomas, 2013. A near-inertial mode observed within a Gulf
Stream warm-core ring. Journal of Geophysical Research, 118, 1-10. Joyce, T.M., and R. Zhang, 2010: On the path of the Gulf Stream and the Atlantic Meridional
Overturning Circulation. Journal of Climate, 23, 3146-3154. Kaas, E., and G. Branstator, 1993: The relationship between a zonal index and blocking activity. Journal
of the Atmospheric Sciences, 50, 3061-3077.
4
Kalnay, E., et al., 1996: The NCEP/NCAR 40-Year Reanalysis Project. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 77, 437-471.
Keeley, S.P.E, R.T. Sutton, and L.C. Shaffrey, 2012: The impact of North Atlantic sea surface temperature errors on the simulation of North Atlantic European region climate. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 138, 1774-1783.
Kelly, K.A., R.J. Small, R.M. Samelson, B. Qiu, T.M. Joyce, Y.-O. Kwon, and M. Cronin, 2010: Western boundary currents and frontal air-sea interaction: Gulf Stream and Kuroshio Extension. Journal of Climate, 23, 5644-5667.
Kistler, R., et al., 2001: The NCEP-NCAR 50-year reanalysis: Monthly means CD-ROM and documentation. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 82, 247-267.
Knight, J., R.J. Allan, C.K. Folland, M. Vellinga, and M.E. Mann, 2005: A signature of persistent natural thermohaline circulation cycles in observed climate. Geophysical Research Letters, 32, L20708, doi:10.1029/1005GL024233.
Kug, J.-S., and F.-F. Jin, 2009: Left-hand rule for synoptic eddy feedback on low-frequency flow. Geophysical Research Letters, 36, L05709, doi:10.1029/2008GL036435.
Kushnir, Y., 1994: Interdecadal variations in North Atlantic sea surface temperature and associated atmospheric conditions. Journal of Climate, 7, 141-157.
Kwon, Y.-O., and C. Deser, 2007: North Pacific decadal variability in Community Climate System Model version 2. Journal of Climate, 20, 2416-2433.
Kwon, Y.-O., M.A. Alexander, N.A. Bond, C. Frankignoul, H. Nakamura, B. Qiu, L. Thompson, 2010: Role of Gulf Stream and Kuroshio-Oyashio systems in large-scale atmosphere-ocean interaction: A review. Journal of Climate, 23, 3249–3281.
Kwon, Y.-O., C. Deser, and C. Cassou, 2011: Coupled atmosphere – mixed layer ocean response to ocean heat flux convergence along the Kuroshio Current Extension. Climate Dynamics, 36, 2295-2312.
Kwon, Y.-O., and C. Frankignoul, 2012: Stochastically-driven multi-decadal variability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation in CCSM3. Climate Dynamics, 38, 895-876.
Kwon, Y.-O., and T.M. Joyce, 2013: Northern Hemisphere winter atmospheric transient eddy heat fluxes and the Gulf Stream and Kuroshio-Oyashio extension variability. Journal of Climate, accepted.
Langehaug, H.R., I. Medhaug, T. Eldevik, and O.H. Ottera, 2012: Arctic/Atlantic exchanges via the Subpolar Gyre. Journal of Climate, 25, 2421-2439.
Latif, M., and T.P. Barnett, 1994: Causes of decadal climate variability over the North Pacific and North America. Science, 266, 634-637.
Lejenas, H., and H. Okland, 1983: Characteristics of Northern Hemisphere blocking as determined from a long-time series of observational data. Tellus, 35A, 350-362.
Lohmann, K., H. Drange, and M. Bentsen, 2009: Response of the North Atlantic subpolar gyre to persistent North Atlantic Oscillation like forcing. Climate Dynamics, 32, 272-285.
Lozier, M.S., S. Leadbetter, R.G. Williams, V. Roussenov, M.S.C. Reed, and N. Moore, 2008: The spatial pattern and mechanisms of heat-content change in the North Atlantic. Science, 319, 800-803.
Maidens, A., A. Arribas, A. Scaife, C. MacLachlan, D. Peterson, and J. Knight, 2013: The influence of surface forcings on prediction of the North Atlantic Oscillation regime of winter 2010-11. Monthly Weather Review, doi:10.1175/MWR-D-13-00033.1.
Marini, C., and C. Frankignoul, 2013: An attempt to deconstruct the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation. Climate Dynamics, doi:10.1007/s00382-013-1852-3.
Marshall, J., H. Johnson, and J. Goodman, 2001a: A study of the interaction of the North Atlantic Oscillation with ocean circulation. Journal of Climate, 14, 1399-1421.
5
Marshall, J., Y. Kushnir, D. Battisti, P. Chang, A. Czaja, R. Dickson, M. McCartney, R. Saravanan, M. Visbeck, 2001b: North Atlantic Climate Variability: phenomena, impacts and mechanisms. International Journal of Climatology, 21, 1863-1898.
Martin-Benito, D., K.J. Anchukaitis, M.H. Gagen, B.M. Buckley, C. Ummenhofer, and L.C. Nam, 2013: Tree-ring stable oxygen isotope from southeast Asia reveal monsoon circulation dynamics. Poster at 2nd American Dendrochronology Conference, Tucson, AZ, May13-17.
Matsueda, M., 2011: Predictability of Euro-Russian blocking in summer of 2010. Geophysical Research Letters, 38, L06801, doi:10.1029/2010GL046557.
Matsueda, M., H. Endo, and R. Mizuta, 2010: Future change in Southern Hemisphere summertime and wintertime atmospheric blockings simulated using a 20-km-mesh AGCM. Geophysical Research Letters, 37, L02803, doi:10.1029/2009GL041758.
McIntosh, P.C., M.J. Pook, J.S. Risbey, and C. Ummenhofer, 2008: Do climate models get the weather systems right? Proceedings 15th National Australian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society Conference, Geelong, Victoria, Australia, p.101.
Mecking, J.V., N.S. Keenlyside, and R.J. Greatbatch, 2013: Stochastically-forced multidecadal variability in the North Atlantic: A model study. Climate Dynamics, submitted.
Minobe, S., A. Kuwano-Yoshida, N. Komori, S. Xie, and R.J. Small, 2008: Influence of the Gulf Stream on the troposphere. Nature, 452, 206–209.
Mlawer, E.J., S.J. Taubman, P.D. Brown, M.J. Iacono, and S.A. Clough, 1997: Radiative transfer for inhomogeneous atmospheres: RRTM, a validated correlated-k model for the longwave. Journal of Geophysical Research, 102, 16663-16682.
Msadek R. and C. Frankignoul, 2009: Atlantic multidecadal oceanic variability and its influence on the atmosphere in a climate model. Climate Dynamics, 33, 45-62.
Mullen, S. L., 1989: Model experiments on the impact of Pacific sea surface temperature anomalies on blocking frequency. Journal of Climate, 2, 997-1013.
Nakamura, H., and J.M. Wallace, 1990: Observed changes in baroclinic wave activity during the life cycles of low-frequency circulation anomalies. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 47, 1100-1116.
Nakamura, H., M. Nakamura, and J.L. Anderson, 1997: The role of high- and low-frequency dynamics and blocking formation. Monthly Weather Review, 125, 2074-2093.
Neale, R.B., et al., 2012: Description of the NCAR Community Atmosphere Model (CAM 5.0). NCAR Technical Note, NCAR/TN-486+STR, pp. 289.
Neale, R., J. Richter, S. Park, P. Lauritzen, S. Vavrus, P. Rasch, and M. Zhang, 2013: The mean climate of the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM4) in forced SST and fully coupled experiments. Journal of Climate, 26, 5150-5168.
Neelin, J.D., and W.J. Weng, 1999: Analytical prototypes for ocean atmosphere interaction at midlatitudes. Part I: Coupled feedbacks as a sea surface temperature dependent stochastic process. Journal of Climate, 12, 697-721.
Otterå, O.H., M. Bentsen, H. Drange, and L. Suo, 2010: External forcing as a metronome for Atlantic multidecadal variability. Nature Geoscience, 3, 688-694.
Park, S., and C.S. Bretherton, 2009: The University of Washington shallow convection and moist turbulence schemes and their impact on climate simulations with the Community Atmosphere Model. Journal of Climate, 22, 3449-3469.
Pelly, J., and B. Hoskins, 2003: A new perspective on blocking. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 60, 743-755.
Peña-Molino, B., and T. Joyce, 2008: Variability in the slope water and its relation to the Gulf Stream path. Geophysical Research Letters, 35, L0306, doi:10.1029/2007GL032183.
6
Peña-Molino, B., T.M. Joyce, and J.M. Toole, 2011: Recent changes in the Labrador Sea Water within the deep Western boundary current southeast of Cape Cod. Deep-Sea Research, 58, 1019-1030.
Peña-Molino, B., T.M. Joyce, and J.M. Toole, 2012: Variability in the deep Western boundary current: Local versus remote forcing. Journal of Geophysical Research, 117, C12022, doi:10.1029/2012JC008369.
Pook, M.J., J.S. Risbey, P.C. McIntosh, C.C. Ummenhofer, A. Marshall, and G. Meyers, 2013: The seasonal cycle of blocking and associated physical mechanisms in the Australian region and relationship with rainfall. Monthly Weather Review, accepted.
Rayner, N.A., D.E. Parker, E.B. Horton, C.K. Folland, L.V. Alexander, and D.P. Rowell, 2003: Global analyses of SST, sea ice and night marine air temperature since the late nineteenth century. Journal of Geophysical Research, 108, 4407, doi:10.1029/2002JD002670.
Renwick, J.A., and J.M. Wallace, 1996: Relationships between North Pacific wintertime blocking, El Niño, and the PNA pattern. Monthly Weather Review, 124, 2071-2076.
Rex, D.F., 1950: Blocking action in the middle troposphere and its effect upon regional climate. Part 1: An aerological study of blocking action. Tellus, 2, 196-211.
Richter, J.H., and P.J. Rasch, 2008: Effects of convective momentum transport on the atmospheric circulation in the Community Atmosphere Model, version 3. Journal of Climate, 21, 1487-1499.
Rienecker, M.M., et al., 2011: MERRA: NASA’s Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications. Journal of Climate, 24, 3624-3648.
Ringer, M.A., et al., 2006: The physical properties of the atmosphere in the new Hadley Centre Global Environmental Model (HadGEM1). Part II: Aspects of variability and regional climate. Journal of Climate, 19, 1302-1326.
Saha, S., et al., 2010: The NCEP Climate Forecast System Reanalysis. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 91, 1015-1057.
Scaife, A.A., T. Woollings, J. Knight, G. Martin, and T. Hinton, 2010: Atmospheric blocking and mean biases in climate models. Journal of Climate, 23, 6143-6152.
Scaife, A.A., D. Copsey, C. Gordon, C. Harris, T. Hinton, S. Keeley, A. O’Neill, M. Roberts, and K. Williams, 2011: Improved Atlantic winter blocking in a climate model. Geophysical Research Letters, 38, L23703, doi:10.1029/2011GL049573.
Scherrer, S., M. Croci-Maspoli, C. Schwierz, and C. Appenzeller, 2006: Two-dimensional indices of atmospheric blocking and their statistical relationship with winter climate patterns in the Euro-Atlantic region. International Journal of Climatology, 26, 233-249.
Schneider, N., B. Qiu, T. Kilpatrick, Y. Sasaki and A. Lauer, 2013: The response of the atmospheric Ekman layer and Ekman pumping to sea surface temperature fronts. Journal of Climate, submitted.
Schwierz, C., M. Croci-Maspoli, and H. Davies, 2004: Perspicacious indicators of atmospheric blocking. Geophysical Research Letters, 31, L06125, doi:10.1029/2003GL019341.
Seo, H., A.J. Miller, and J.O. Roads, 2007: The Scripps Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Regional (SCOAR) model, with applications in the eastern Pacific sector. Journal of Climate, 20, 381-402.
Shutts, G.J., 1983: The propagation of eddies in diffluent jetstreams: Eddy vorticity forcing of blocking flow fields. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 109, 737-761.
Small, R.J., R.A. Tomas, and F.O. Bryan, 2013: Storm track response to ocean fronts in a global high- resolution climate model. Climate Dynamics, submitted.
Smith, R.D, et al., 2010: The Parallel Ocean Program (POP) reference manual, ocean component of the Community Climate System Model (CCSM). Los Alamos National Laboratory Tech. Rep. LAUR-10- 01853, 141 pp. [Available online at http://www.cesm.ucar.edu/models/cesm1.0/pop2/doc/sci/ POPRefManual.pdf].

7
Smith, R.D., S. Kortas, and B. Meltz, 1995: Curvilinear coordinates for global ocean models. Los Alamos preprint LA-UR-95-1146.
Smith, T.M., and R.W. Reynolds, 2003: Extended reconstruction of global sea surface temperatures based on COADS Data (1854-1997). Journal of Climate, 16, 1495-1510.
Smith, T.M., and R.W. Reynolds, 2004: Improved extended reconstruction of SST (1854-1997). Journal of Climate, 17, 2466-2477.
Smith, T.M., R.W. Reynolds, T.C. Peterson, and J. Lawrimore 2008: Improvements to NOAA’s historical merged land-ocean surface temperature analysis (1880-2006). Journal of Climate, 21, 2283-2296.
Taguchi, B., H. Nakamura, M. Nonaka, N. Komori, A. Kuwano-Yoshida, K. Takaya, and A. Goto, 2012: Seasonal evolutions of atmospheric response to decadal SST anomalies in the North Pacific subarctic frontal zone: Observations and a coupled model simulation. Journal of Climate, 25, 111-139.
Talley, L.D., 1996: North Atlantic circulation and variability reviewed for the CNLS conference. Physica D, 98, 625-646.
Taschetto, A.S., and M.H. England, 2008: Estimating ensemble size requirements for AGCM simulations. Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, 100, 23-36.
Tibaldi, S., and F. Molteni, 1990: On the operational predictability of blocking. Tellus, 42A, 343-365. Tibaldi, S., F. D’Andrea, E. Tosi, and E. Roeckner, 1997: Climatology of Northern Hemisphere blocking
in the ECHAM model. Climate Dynamics, 13, 649-666. Ting, M., Y. Kushnir, R. Seager, and C. Li, 2009: Forced and internal twentieth-century SST trends in the
North Atlantic. Journal of Climate, 22, 1469-1481. Treidl, R.A., E.C. Birch, and P. Sajecki, 1981: Blocking action in the Northern Hemisphere: A
climatological study. Atmosphere–Ocean, 19, 1-23. Toole, J.M., R.G. Curry, T.M. Joyce, M. McCartney, and B. Peña-Molino, 2011: Transport of the North
Atlantic deep Western boundary current about 39°N, 70W: 2004-2008, Deep–Sea Research II,
doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.10.058. Trenberth, K.E. and D.J. Shea, 2006: Atlantic hurricanes and natural variability in 2005. Geophysical
Research Letters, 33, L12704, doi:10.1029/2006GL026894. Trenberth, K.E., and J.T. Fasullo, 2012: Climate extremes and climate change: The Russian heat wave
and other climate extremes of 2010. Journal of Geophysical Research, 117, D17103,
doi:10.1029/2012JD018020. Tyrlis, E., and B.J. Hoskins, 2008: The morphology of Northern Hemisphere blocking. Journal of the
Atmospheric Sciences, 65, 1653-1665. Ummenhofer, C.C., P.C. McIntosh, M.J. Pook, and J.S. Risbey, 2013: Impact of surface forcing on
Southern Hemisphere atmospheric blocking in the Australia-New Zealand sector. Journal of Climate,
doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00860.1. Ummenhofer, C.C., A. Sen Gupta, M.J. Pook, and M.H. England, 2008: Anomalous rainfall over
southwest Western Australia forced by Indian Ocean sea surface temperatures. Journal of Climate, 21,
5113-5134. Ummenhofer, C.C., A. Sen Gupta, A.S. Taschetto, and M.H. England, 2009a: Modulation of Australian
precipitation by meridional gradients in East Indian Ocean sea surface temperature. Journal of Climate,
22, 5597-5610. Ummenhofer, C.C., A. Sen Gupta, M.H. England, and C.J.C. Reason, 2009b: Contributions of Indian
Ocean sea surface temperatures to enhanced East African rainfall. Journal of Climate, 22, 993-1013. Uppala, S.M., et al., 2005: The ERA-40 re-analysis. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological
Society, 131, 2961-3012.

Alexander, M.A., H. Seo, S.-P. Xie, and J.D. Scott, 2012: ENSO’s impact on the gap wind regions of the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean J. Clim., 25, 3549-3565.
Back, L. E, and C. S. Bretherton, 2009: On the relationship between SST gradients, boundary layer winds and convergence over the tropical oceans. J. Clim., 22, 4182-4196.
Bretherton, C. S., T. Uttal, C. W. Fairall, S. E. Yuter, R. A. Weller, D. Baumgardner, K. Comstock, and R. Wood, 2004: The EPIC 2001 Stratocumulus Study. Bull. Amer. Met. Soc., 85, 967-977.
Bryan, F. O., R. Tomas, J. M. Dennis, D. B. Chelton, N. G. Loeb, and J. L. McClean, 2010: Frontal Scale Air–Sea Interaction in High-Resolution Coupled Climate Models. J. Clim., 23, 6277–6291.
Chelton, D. B., and M. G. Schlax, 1996: Global observations of oceanic Rossby waves, Science, 272, 234–238.
Chelton, D.B., S.K. Esbensen, M.G. Schlax, N. Thum, M. H. Freilich, F. J. Wentz, C.L. Gentemann, M. J. McPhaden, and P.S. Schopf, 2001:Observations of coupling between surface wind stress and sea surface temperature in the eastern tropical Pacific. J. Clim., 14, 1479–1498.
Chelton, D.B., M. Schlax, M.H. Freilich, and R.F. Milliff, 2004: Satellite measurements reveal persistent small-scale features in ocean winds. Science, 303, 978–983.
Chelton, D. B., 2005: The Impact of SST Specification on ECMWF Surface Wind Stress Fields in the Eastern Tropical Pacific. J. Clim., 18, 530–550.
Chelton, D.B., and F.J. Wentz, 2005: Global Microwave Satellite Observations of Sea Surface Temperature for Numerical Weather Prediction and Climate Research. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 86, 1097-1115.
Chelton, D. B., M. G. Schlax, R. M. Samelson, and R. A. de Szoeke, 2007: Global observations of large oceanic eddies. Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L15606, doi:10.1029/2007GL030812.
Chelton, D. B., and S.-P. Xie, 2010: Coupled ocean-atmosphere interaction at oceanic mesoscales. Oceanography, 23, 52-69.
Chelton, D. B., M. G. Schlax, and R. M. Samelson, 2011a: Global observations of nonlinear mesoscale eddies. Prog. Oceanogr., 91, 167-216.
Chelton, D. B., P. Gaube, M. G. Schlax, J. J. Early, and R. M. Samelson, 2011b: The influence of nonlinear mesoscale eddies on near-surface chlorophyll. Science, 334, 328-332.
Chelton, D. B., et al, 2013: Ocean–atmosphere coupling: Mesoscale eddy effects. Nature Geosci., 6, 594–595.
Clement, A. C., R. Burgman, and J. Norris, 2009: Observational and model evidence for positive low-level cloud feedback. Science, 325, 460-464. doi:10.1126/science.1171255.
Colbo, Keir, and Robert A. Weller, 2009: Accuracy of the IMET Sensor Package in the Subtropics. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 26, 1867–1890.
Cronin, M. F., N. A. Bond, C. W. Fairall, and R. A. Weller, 2006: Surface cloud forcing in the east Pacific stratus deck/cold tongue/ITCZ complex. J. Climate, 19(3), 392-409.
Dai, A., 2006: Precipitation characteristics in eighteen coupled climate models. J. Clim., 19, 4605-4630.
de Szoeke, S.P., and S.-P. Xie, 2008: The tropical eastern Pacific seasonal cycle: Assessment of errors and mechanisms in IPCC AR4 coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation models. J. Clim., 21, 2573-2590.
Dee, D. P., and Co-authors, 2011: The ERA-Interim reanalysis: configuration and performance of the data assimilation system. Quart. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 137, 553-597.
Deser, C., J. J. Bates, and S. Wahl, 1993: The influence of sea surface temperature gradients on stratiform cloudiness along the equatorial front in the Pacific Ocean. J. Clim., 6, 1172–1180.
Ducet, N., P. Y. Le Traon, and G. Reverdin, 2000: Global high resolution mapping of ocean circulation from the combination of TOPEX/POSEIDON and ERS-1/2. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 19477–19498.
Fairall, C. W., E. F. Bradley, D. P. Rogers, J.D. Edson, and G.S. Young, 1996: Bulk parameterization of air-sea fluxes for Tropical Ocean-Global Atmosphere Coupled-Ocean Atmosphere Response Experiment. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 3747– 3764.
Fairall, C.W., E.F. Bradley, J.E. Hare, A.A. Grachev, and J.B. Edson, 2003: Bulk parameterization of air-sea fluxes: Updates and verification for the COARE algorithm. J. Clim., 16, 571-591.
Farrar, J. T., and R. A. Weller, 2006: Intraseasonal variability near 10°N in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 111, C05015, doi:10.1029/2005JC002989.
Farrar, J.T., 2007. Air-sea interaction at contrasting sites in the eastern tropical Pacific, Ph.D. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 166 pp.
Farrar, J.T., 2008: Observations of the dispersion characteristics and meridional sea-level structure of equatorial waves in the Pacific Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 38, 1669-1689.
Farrar, J.T., 2011: Barotropic Rossby waves radiating from tropical instability waves in the Pacific Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 41, 1160-1181.
Frenger, I., N. Gruber, R. Knutti, and M. Münnich, 2013: Imprint of Southern Ocean eddies on winds, clouds and rainfall. Nature Geosci., 6, 608–612.
Fu, Q., 1996: An accurate parameterization of the solar radiative properties of cirrus clouds for climate models. J. Clim., 9, 2058-2082.
Fu, L.-L., D. B. Chelton, P.-Y. Le Traon, and R. Morrow, 2010: Eddy dynamics from satellite altimetry: progress and challenges. Oceanography, 23, 14-25.
Giese, B.S., J.A. Carton, and L.J. Holl, 1994: Sea level variability in the eastern tropical Pacific as observed by TOPEX and the Tropical Ocean-Global Atmosphere Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean Experiment. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 24,739–24,748.
Gregory, D., and P. R. Rowntree, 1990: A Mass Flux Convection Scheme with Representation of Cloud Ensemble Characteristics and Stability-Dependent Closure. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 1483–1506.
Haidvogel, D. B., H. G. Arango, K. Hedstrom, A. Beckmann, P. Malanotte-Rizzoli, and A. F. Shchepetkin, 2000: Model Evaluation Experiments in the North Atlantic Basin: Simulations in Nonlinear Terrain-Following Coordinates. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 32, 239-281.
Hashizume, H., S.-P., Xie, W. T. Liu, and K. Takeuchi, 2001: Local and remote atmospheric response to tropical instability waves: A global view from space. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 10173-10185.
Hashizume, H., M. Fujiwara, M. Shiotani, T. Watanabe, Y. Tanimoto, W. T. Liu, and K. Takeuchi, 2002: Direct observations of atmospheric boundary layer response to SST variations associated with tropical instability waves over the eastern equatorial Pacific. J. Clim., 15, 3379–3393.
Hayes, S. P., M. J. McPhaden, and J. M. Wallace, 1989: The Influence of Sea Surface Temperature on Surface Wind in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific: Weekly to Monthly Variability. J. Clim., 2, 1500-1506.
Hirota, N., and Y. N. Takayabu, 2013: Reproducibility of precipitation distribution over the tropical oceans in CMIP5 multi-climate models compared to CMIP3. Clim. Dyn., doi:10.1007/s00382-013-1839-0.
Juang, H.-M. H., and M. Kanamitsu, 1994: The NMC nested regional spectral model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 3-26.
Kalnay, E., and Co-authors, 1996: The NCEP/NCAR 40-Year Reanalysis Project. Bull. Amer. Met. Soc., 77, 437-471.
Kistler, R., and Co-authors, 2001: The NCEP–NCAR 50–Year Reanalysis: Monthly Means CD–ROM and Documentation. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 82, 247–267.
Kumar, A., L. Zhang, and W. Wang, 2013: Sea Surface Temperature–Precipitation Relationship in Different Reanalyses. Mon. Wea. Rev., 141, 1118–1123.
Le Traon, P. Y., F. Nadal, and N. Ducet, 1998: An improved mapping method of multisatellite altimeter data. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 15, 522–533.
Le Traon, P. Y., Y. Faugère, F. Hernandez, J. Dorandeu, F. Mertz, and M. Ablain, 2003: Can we merge GEOSAT Follow-On with TOPEX/POSEIDON and ERS-2 for an improved description of the ocean circulation? J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 20, 889–895.
Lin, B., B. Wielicki, L. Chambers, Y. Hu, and K.-M. Xu, 2002: The iris hypothesis: A negative or positive cloud feedback? J. Clim., 15, 3–7.
Lin, J.-L., 2007: The Double-ITCZ Problem in IPCC AR4 Coupled GCMs: Ocean–Atmosphere Feedback Analysis. J. Clim., 20, 4497–4525.
Lindzen, R.S., and S. Nigam, 1987: On the role of sea surface temperature gradients in forcing low level winds and convergence in the tropics. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 2418–2436.
Liu, W.T., X. Xie, and P.P. Niiler, 2007: Ocean–Atmosphere interaction over Agulhas Extension Meanders. J. Climate, 20, 5784-5797.
Madden. R. A., and P. R. Julian, 1994: Observations of the 40-50 day Tropical Oscillation – A review. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 814-837.
Maloney, E.D., and D.B. Chelton, 2006: An assessment of the sea surface temperature influence on surface wind stress in numerical weather prediction and climate models. J. Clim., 19, 2743–2762.
Mechoso, C. R., and Co-authors, 1995: The seasonal cycle over the Tropical Pacific in General Circulation Models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 2825- 2838.
Mechoso, C.R., and Co-authors, 2013: Ocean-Cloud-Atmosphere-Land Interactions in the Southeastern Pacific: The VOCALS Program. Accepted for publication in Bull. Am. Met. Soc., doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00246.1.
Miller, L., D.R. Watts, and M. Wimbush, 1985: Oscillations of dynamic topography in the eastern Pacific. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 15, 1759–1770.
Minobe, S., A. Kuwano-Yoshida, M. Miyashita, H. Tokinaga, and S.-P. Xie, 2010: Atmospheric response to the Gulf Stream: Seasonal variations. J. Clim., 23, 3699-3719.
Minobe, S., A. Kuwano-Yoshida, N. Komori, S.-P. Xie, and R.J. Small, 2008: Influence of the Gulf Stream on the troposphere. Nature, 452, 206-209.
Maloney, E.D., and D.B. Chelton, 2006: An Assessment of the Sea Surface Temperature Influence on Surface Wind Stress in Numerical Weather Prediction and Climate Models. J. Clim., 19, 2743-2762.
Moorthi, S., and M. J. Suarez, 1992: Relaxed Arakawa-Schubert. A Parameterization of Moist Convection for General Circulation Models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 978–1002.
Neale, R. B., J. H. Richter, and M. Jochum, 2008: The impact of convection on ENSO: From a delayed oscillator to a series of events. J. Clim., 21, 5904-5924.
Nordeng , T. E., 1994: Extended versions of the convective parameterization scheme at ECMWF and their impact on the mean and transient activity of the model in the tropics. ECMWF Tech. Memo., 206, 41 pp.
O’Neill, L.W., D.B. Chelton, S.K. Esbensen, and F.J. Wentz, 2005: High-resolution satellite measurements of the atmospheric boundary layer response to SST variations along the Agulhas Return Current. J. Clim., 18, 2706–2723.
Pan, D.-M., and D. A. Randall, 1998: A cumulus parameterization with a prognostic closure. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 124, 949-981.
Pascual, A., Y. Faugère, G. Larnicol, and P.-Y. Le Traon, 2006: Improved description of the ocean mesoscale variability by combing four satellite altimeters. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L02611.
Patricola, C. M., M. L., Z. Xu, P. Chang, R. Saravanan, and J.-S. Hsieh, 2012: An investigation of tropical Atlantic bias in a high-resolution coupled regional climate model. Clim. Dyn., 39, 2443–2463, doi:10.1029/2005GL024633.
Perigaud, C., 1990: Sea level oscillations observed with Geosat along the two shear fronts of the North Equatorial Counter Current. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 7239–7248.
Putrasahan, D. A., J. Miller, and H. Seo, 2013a: Regional coupled ocean-atmosphere downscaling in the Southeast Pacific: Impacts on upwelling, mesoscale air-sea fluxes, and ocean eddies. Ocean Dynamics, 63, 463-488.
Putrasahan, D. A., J. Miller, and H. Seo, 2013b: Isolating Mesoscale Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions in the Kuroshio Extension Region. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 63, 60-78.
Ramanathan, V., and W. Collins, 1991: Thermodynamics regulation of ocean warming by cirrus clouds deduced from observations of the 1987 El Nino. Nature, 351, 27–32.
Ray, P., and C. Zhang, 2010: A Case Study on the Mechanisms of Extratropical Influence on the Madden-Julian Oscillation. J. Atm. Sci., 67, 515-528.
Ray, P., C. Zhang, M.W. Moncrieff, J. Dudhia, J.M. Caron, L.R. Leung, and C. Bruyere, 2011: The Role of the Mean State on the Initiation of the Madden-Julian Oscillation in a Nested Regional Climate Model. Clim. Dyn., 36, 161-184.
Raymond, D. J., and Co-authors, 2004: EPIC2001 and the Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere System of the Tropical East Pacific. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 85, 1341–1354.
Reynolds, R.W., N.A. Rayner, T.M. Smith, D.C. Stokes, and W. Wang, 2002: An improved in situ and satellite SST analysis for climate. J. Clim., 15, 1609-1625.
Reynolds, R.W., T.M. Smith, C. Liu, D.B. Chelton, K.S. Casey, and M.G. Schlax, 2007: Daily High-Resolution-Blended Analyses for Sea Surface Temperature. J. Clim., 20, 5473–5496.
Rienecker, M.M., and Co-authors, 2011: MERRA: NASA’s Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications. J. Clim., 24, 3624–3648.
Saha, S., and Co-authors, 2010: The NCEP Climate Forecast System Reanalysis. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 91, 1015–1057.
Seo, H., M. Jochum, R. Murtugudde, and A. J. Miller, 2006: Effect of Ocean Mesoscale Variability on the Mean State of Tropical Atlantic Climate. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L09606.
Seo, H., A. J. Miller, and J. O. Roads, 2007a: The Scripps Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Regional (SCOAR) model, with applications in the eastern Pacific sector. J. Clim., 20, 381-402.
Seo, H., M. Jochum, R. Murtugudde, A. J. Miller, and J. O. Roads, 2007b: Feedback of Tropical Instability Wave – induced Atmospheric Variability onto the Ocean. J. Clim., 20, 5842-5855.
Seo, H., M. Jochum, R. Murtugudde, A. J. Miller, and J. O. Roads, 2008a: Precipitation from African Easterly Waves in a Coupled Model of the Tropical Atlantic. J. Clim., 21, 1417-1431.
Seo, H., R. Murtugudde, M. Jochum, and A. J. Miller, 2008b: Modeling of Mesoscale Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction and its Feedback to Ocean in the Western Arabian Sea. Ocean Modell., 25,120-131.
Seo, H., S.-P. Xie, R. Murtugudde, M. Jochum, and A. J. Miller, 2009: Seasonal effects of Indian Ocean freshwater forcing in a regional coupled model. J. Clim., 22, 6577-6596.
Seo, H., and S.-P. Xie, 2011: Response and Impact of Equatorial Ocean Dynamics and Tropical Instability Waves in the Tropical Atlantic under Global Warming: A regional coupled downscaling study. J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 116, C03026.
Seo, H., A. J. Miller, N. R. Cavanaugh, R. Murtugudde, M. Jochum and D. E. Waliser, 2013: The role of interactive sea surface temperatures in wavenumber-frequency characteristics of the boreal winter Madden Julian Oscillation. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans., in preparation.
Shchepetkin, A. F., and J. C. McWilliams, 2005: The regional oceanic modeling system (ROMS): a split-explicit, free-surface, topography-following-coordinate ocean model. Ocean Modell., 9, 347-404.
Shimada, T., and S. Minobe,2011: Global analysis of the pressure adjustment mechanism over sea surface temperature fronts using AIRS/Aqua data. Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L06704.
Skamarock, W. C., J. B. Klemp, J. Dudhia, D. O. Gill, D. M. Barker, M. G. Duda, X. Huang, W. Wang, and J. G. Powers, 2008: A description of the advanced research WRF version 3. Rep. NCAR/TN-475+STR, Natl. Cent. for Atmos. Res., Boulder, Colo.
Small, R. J., S. de Szoeke, S. P. Xie, L. O’Neill, H. Seo, Q. Song, P. Cornillon, M. Spall, and S. Minobe, 2008: Air-Sea Interaction over Ocean Fronts and Eddies. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 45, 274-319.
Small, R.J., S.-P. Xie, and J. Hafner, 2005: Satellite observations of mesoscale ocean features and co-propagating atmospheric surface fields in the tropical belt. J. Geophys. Res., 110, C02021.
Subramanian, A.C., M. Jochum, A.J. Miller, R. Murtugudde, R.B. Neale, and D.E. Waliser, 2011: The Madden Julian Oscillation in CCSM4. J. Clim., 24, 6261-6282.
Taylor, K.E., R.J. Stouffer, and G.A. Meehl, 2012: An Overview of CMIP5 and the Experiment Design. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 93, 485–498.
Teixeira, J., 1999: Simulation of Fog with the ECMWF Prognostic Cloud Scheme. Quart. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 125-B, 529-553.
Teixeira, J., and Co-authors, 2011: Tropical and sub-tropical cloud transitions in weather and climate prediction models: The GCSS/WGNE Pacific Cross-section Intercomparison (GPCI). J. Clim., 24, 5223-5256, doi:10.1175/2011JCLI3672.1.
Thiébaux, J., E. Rogers, W. Wang, and B. Katz, 2003: A New High-Resolution Blended Real-Time Global Sea Surface Temperature Analysis. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 84, 645–656.
Thum, N., S.K. Esbensen, D.B. Chelton, and M.J. McPhaden, 2002: Air–sea heat exchange along the northern sea surface temperature front in the eastern tropical Pacific. J. Clim., 15, 3361–3378.
Tiedtke, M., 1989: A Comprehensive Mass Flux Scheme for Cumulus Parameterization in Large-Scale Models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 1779–1800.
Tokinaga, H., Y. Tanimoto, S.-P. Xie, T. Sampe, H. Tomita, and H. Ichikawa, 2009: Ocean Frontal Effects on the Vertical Development of Clouds over the Western North Pacific: In Situ and Satellite Observations. J. Clim., 22, 4241–4260.
Vizy, E. K., and K. H. Cook, 2013: Capturing the Atlantic cold tongue and coastal upwelling in an intermediate-level ocean model coupled to a regional climate model. Clim. Dyn., doi:10.1007/s00382-013-1807-8.
Wallace, J.M., T.P. Mitchell, and C. Deser, 1989: The influence of sea surface temperature on surface wind in the eastern equatorial Pacific: Seasonal and interannual variability. J. Clim., 2, 1492–1499.
Weller, B., B. Albrecht, S. Esbensen, C. Eriksen, A. Kumar, R. Mechoso, D. Raymond, D. Rogers, and D. Rudnick, 1999: A science and implementation plan for EPIC: An eastern Pacific investigation of climate processes in the coupled ocean-atmosphere system. http://www.atmos.washington.edu/gcg/EPIC/.
Wentz, F. J., 1997: A Well Calibrated Ocean Algorithm for Special Sensor Microwave / Imager. Journal of Geophysical Research, 102(C4), 8703-8718.
Xie, S.-P., M. Ishiwatari, H. Hashizume and K. Takeuchi, 1998: Coupled ocean-atmospheric waves on the equatorial front. Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 3863-3866.
Xie, S.-P., 2004: Satellite observations of cool ocean–atmosphere interaction. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 85, 195–209.
Xie, S.-P., T. Miyama, Y. Wang, H. Xu, S.P. de Szoeke, R.J.O. Small, K. J. Richards, T. Mochizuki, and T. Awaji, 2007. A regional ocean–atmosphere model for eastern Pacific climate: towards reducing tropical biases. J. Clim., 20, 1504–1522.
Zhang, G. J., and M. J. McPhaden, 1995: The relationship between sea surface temperature and latent heat flux in the equatorial Pacific. J. Clim., 8, 589-605.
Zhang, G.J., and N. A. McFarlane, 1995: Sensitivity of climate simulations to the parameterization of cumulus convection in the CCC GCM. Atmos.-Ocean, 33, 407-446.
Zhou, L., R. B. Neale, M. Jochum, and R. Murtugudde, 2012: Improved Madden–Julian Oscillations with Improved Physics: The Impact of Modified Convection Parameterizations. J. Clim., 25, 1116-1136.

An, S.I., 2008: Interannual Variations of the Tropical Ocean Instability Wave and ENSO. J. Climate, 21, 3680–3686.

Boccaletti, G., R. Ferrari, and B. Fox-Kemper, 2007: Mixed layer instabilities and restratification. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 37, 2228-2250.
Bryan, F.O., R. Tomas, J.M. Dennis, D.B. Chelton, N.G. Loeb, and J.L. McClean, 2010: Frontal Scale Air-Sea Interaction in High-Resolution Coupled Climate Models. J. Climate, 23, 6277-6291, doi:10.1175/2010JCLI3665.1.
Capet, X., J.C. McWilliams, M.J. Molemaker, and A.F. Shchepetkin, 2008a: Mesoscale to submesoscale transition in the California current system. Part I: flow structure, eddy flux and observational tests. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 38, 29-43.
Capet, X., J.C. McWilliams, M.J. Molemaker, and A.F. Shchepetkin, 2008b: Mesoscale to submesoscale transition in the California current system. Part II: frontal processes. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 38, 44-64.
Capet, X., J.C. McWilliams, M.J. Molemaker, and A.F. Shchepetkin, 2008c: Mesoscale to submesoscale transition in the California current system. Part III: energy balance and flux. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 38, 2256-2269.
Cayan, D. R., 1992: Latent and sensible heat flux anomalies over the northern oceans: Driving the sea surface temperature. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 22, 859–881.
Chelton, D. B., and S.K. Esbensen, M.G. Schlax, N. Thum, M. H. Freilich, F. J. Wentz, C. L. Gentemann, M.J. McPhaden, and P S. Schopf, 2001: Observations of coupling between surface wind stress and sea surface temperature in the eastern tropical Pacific. J. Climate, 14, 1479-1498.
Chelton, D. B., M. G. Schlax, M. H. Freilich, and R. F. Milliff, 2004: Satellite measurements reveal persistent small-scale features in ocean winds. Science, 303, 978-983.
Chelton, D.B., M.G. Schlax and R.M. Samelson, 2007: Summertime Coupling between Sea Surface Temperature and Wind Stress in the California Current System. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 37, 495-517.
Chelton, D.B., and S.-P. Xie, 2010: Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction at Ocean Mesoscale. Oceanography, 23, 52-69.
Colbo, K., and R. Weller, 2007: The variability and heat budget of the upper ocean under the Chile-Peru stratus. J. Mar. Res., 65, 607–637

Cronin, M. F., S.-P. Xie, and H. Hashizume, 2003: Barometric pressure variations associated with eastern Pacific tropical instability waves. J. Climate, 16, 3050-3057.

Cummings, J.A., 2005: Operational multivariate ocean data assimilation. Quart. J. Royal Met. Soc., Part C, 131(613), 3583-3604.

Donlon, C., et al., 2007: The Global Ocean Data Assimilation Experiment High-resolution Sea Surface Temperature Pilot. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 88, 1197-1213.

Eden, C. and H. Dietze, 2009: Effects of mesoscale eddy/wind interactions on biological new production and eddy kinetic energy. J. Geophys. Res., 114, C05023.

Edson, J. et al., 2007: The coupled Boundary Layers and Air-Sea Transfer Experiments in Low Winds, Bull. Amer. Met. Soc., 88, 341-356.
Eriksen, C., R. A. Weller, D. L. Rudnick, R. T. Pollard, and L. A. Regier, 1991: Ocean frontal variability in the Frontal Air-Sea Interaction Experiment. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 8569-8592.
Fairall C. W., E. F. Bradley, D. P. Rogers, J. D. Edson, and G. S. Young, 1996: Bulk parameterization of air-sea fluxes for Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled-Ocean Atmosphere Response Experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 15, 3747-3764.
Fischer, A.S., R.A. Weller, D.L. Rudnick, C.C. Eriksen, C.M. Lee, K.H. Brink, C.A. Fox and R.R. Leben, 2002: Mesoscale eddies, coastal upwelling, and the upper-ocean heat budget in the Arabian Sea. Deep-Sea Research II, 49, pp. 2231-2264.

Fox-Kemper, B., R. Ferrari, and R. Hallberg, 2008: Parameterization of mixed layer eddies. I: Theory and diagnosis. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 38, 1145-1165.
Frankignoul, C., 1985: Sea surface temperature anomalies, planetary waves, and air-sea feedback in midlatitudes. Rev. Geophys., 23, 357–390.
Haine, T. W. N., and J. Marshall, 1998: Gravitational, symmetric, and baroclinic instability of the ocean mixed layer. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 28, 634-658.
Haidvogel, D.B., H.G. Arango, K. Hedstrom, A. Beckmann, P. Malanotte-Rizzoli and A.F. Shchepetkin (2000) Model evaluation experiments in the North Atlantic Basin: Simulations in nonlinear terrain-following coordinates. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 32, pp. 239–281.

Juang, H.-M. H. and M. Kanamitsu,1994: The NMC nested regional spectral model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 3–26.
Lindzen, R., and S. Nigam, 1987: On the role of sea surface temperature gradients in forcing low-level winds and convergence in the tropics. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 2418-2436.

Liu, W.T., 2002: Satellite Remote Sensing: Wind, Surface. Encyclopedia of Atmospheric Sciences, 1979-1984, J.R. Holton, J.A. Pyle, and J.A. Curry (eds), Academic Press. London.
Liu, W.T., X. Xie, and P.P. Niiler, 2007: Ocean-atmosphere interaction over Agulhas Extension Meanders. J. Climate, 20(23), 5784-5797.
Mafimbo, A. J., and C. J. C. Reason, 2010: Air-sea interaction over the upwelling region of the Somali coast, J. Geophys. Res., 115, C01001, doi:10.1029/2009JC005439.
Mahadevan, A., A. Tandon and R. Ferrari, 2010. Rapid changes in mixed layer strati- fication driven by submesoscale instabilities and winds. J. Geophys. Res., 115, C03017.
Marchesiello, P., X. Capet, C. Menkes, S. C. Kennan, 2011: Submesoscale dynamics in tropical instability waves. Ocean. Modell., 39, 31-46.

McGillicuddy, D.J., Anderson, L.A., Bates, N.R., Bibby, T., Buesseler, K.O., Carlson, C.A., Davis, C.S., Ewart, C., Falkowski, P.G., Goldthwait, S.A., Hansell, D.A., Jenkins, W.J., Johnson, R., Kosnyrev, V.K., Ledwell, J.R., Li, Q.P., Siegel, D.A. and D.K. Steinberg, 2007: Eddy/Wind Interactions Stimulate Extraordinary Mid-Ocean Plankton Blooms. Science, 316, 1021-1026.
Minobe, S., A. Kuwano-Yoshida, N. Komori, S.-P. Xie, and R. J. Small: 2008: Influence of the Gulf Stream on the troposphere, Nature, 452, 206-209, doi:10.1038/nature06690.
Minobe, S., M. Miyashita, A. Kuwano-Yoshida, H. Tokinaga, and S.-P. Xie, 2010: Atmospheric response to the Gulf Stream: Seasonal variations, J. Climate, 23, 3699-3719, doi:10.1175/2010JCLI3359.1
Norris, J. R, and C. B. Leovy, 1994: Interannual variability in stratiform cloudiness and sea surface temperature. J. Climate, 7, 1915-1925.
O’Neill, L. W., D. B. Chelton, and S. K. Esbensen, 2003: Observations of SST–induced perturbations on the wind stress field over the Southern Ocean on seasonal timescales. J. Climate, 16, 2340–2354.
O’Neill, L. W., D. B. Chelton, S. K. Esbensen, and F. J. Wentz, 2005: High-resolution satellite measurements of the atmospheric boundary layer response to SST variations along the Agulhas Return Current. J. Climate, 18, 2706-2723.
O’Neill, L. W., S. K. Esbensen, N. Thum, R. M. Samelson, D. B. Chelton, 2010: Dynamical Analysis of the Boundary Layer and Surface Wind Responses to Mesoscale SST Perturbations. J. Climate, 23, 559-581.doi: 10.1175/2009JCLI2662.1.
O’Neill, L. W., D. B. Chelton, and S. K. Esbensen, 2012: Covariability of surface wind and stress responses to sea-surface temperature fronts. J. Climate. in press.
Ostrom, W. M., B. S. Way, R. A. Weller, J. D. Ware, R. A. Trask, 1996: Arabian Sea mixed layer dynamics experiment mooring recovery cruise report: R/V Thomas Thompson Cruise Number 52, 14 October-25 October 1995, Woods Hole Oceanographic Inst. Tech. Rep. WHOI-96-11, Woods Hole, MA, 64 pp.
Park, K.-A., P. Cornillon, and D. L. Codiga, 2006: Modification of surface winds near ocean fronts: Effects of Gulf Stream rings on scatterometer (QuikSCAT, NSCAT) wind observations. J. Geophys. Res., 111, C03021, doi:10.1029/2005JC003016.
Putrasahan, D., A. J. Miller and H. Seo, 2012a: Isolating Mesoscale Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions in the Kuroshio Extension Region, Dynm. Ocean. Atmos. In prep.
Putrasahan, D., A. J. Miller and H. Seo, 2012b: Air-sea Interactions and Local Impact of Mesoscale Sea Surface Temperature on the Atmospheric Boundary Layer in the Southeast Pacific. In prep.
Rienecker, M., and Coauthors, 2011: MERRA: NASA’s Modern- Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications. J. Climate, 24, 3648–3624.

Seo, H., M. Jochum, R. Murtugudde, A. J. Miller, 2006: Effect of Ocean Mesoscale Variability on the Mean State of Tropical Atlantic Climate. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L09606.

Seo, H., A.J. Miller, J.O. Roads, 2007a: The Scripps Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Regional (SCOAR) model, with applications in the eastern Pacific sector. J. Climate, 20, 381-402.

Seo, H., M. Jochum, R. Murtugudde, A.J. Miller and J.O. Roads, 2007b: Feedback of Tropical Instability Wave – induced Atmospheric Variability onto the Ocean. J. Climate, 20, 5842-5855.

Seo, H, M. Jochum, R. Murtugudde, A. J. Miller, J. O. Roads, 2008a: Precipitation from African Easterly Waves in a Coupled Model of the Tropical Atlantic. J. Climate, 21, 1417-1431.
Seo, H., R. Murtugudde, M. Jochum and A.J. Miller, 2008b: Modeling of mesoscale coupled ocean-atmosphere interaction and its feedback to ocean in the western Arabian Sea. Ocean Modell., 25, 120-131.

Seo, H., S.-P. Xie, R. Murtugudde, M. Jochum, and A. J. Miller, 2009: Seasonal effects of Indian Ocean freshwater forcing in a regional coupled model. J. Climate. 22, 6577-6596.

Song, Q., D. B. Chelton, S. K. Esbensen, N. Thum, L. W. O’Neill, 2009: Coupling between Sea Surface Temperature and Low-Level Winds in Mesoscale Numerical Models. J. Climate, 22, 146-164.

Shchepetkin, A.F. and J.C. McWilliams, 2005: The regional oceanic modeling system (ROMS): A split-explicit, free-surface, topography-following-coordinate ocean model. Ocean Modell., 9, pp. 347–404.

Shimada, T., and S. Minobe, 2011: Global analysis of the pressure adjustment mechanism over sea surface temperature fronts using AIRS/Aqua data, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L06704. .

Shinoda, T., and J. L. Lin, 2009: Interannual variability of the upper ocean in the southeast Pacific stratus cloud region. J. Climate, 22, 5072–5088.

Skamarock, W. C., J. B. Klemp, J. Dudhia, D. O. Gill, D. M. Barker, M. G. Duda, X. Huang, W. Wang, and J. G. Powers, 2008: A description of the advanced research WRF version 3. Rep. NCAR/TN-475+STR, Natl. Cent. for Atmos. Res., Boulder, Colo.
Small, R. J., S. de Szoeke, S. P. Xie, L. O’Neill, H. Seo, Q. Song, P. Cornillon, M. Spall, and S. Minobe, 2008: Air-Sea Interaction over Ocean Fronts and Eddies. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 45, 274-319.
Small, R. J., S-P Xie, and Y. Wang, 2003: Numerical simulation of atmospheric response to Pacific tropical instability waves. J. Climate, 16, 3723-3741.
Small, R. J., K. J. Richards, S.-P. Xie, P. Dutrieux, and T. Miyama, 2009: Damping of Tropical Instability Waves caused by the action of surface currents on stress, J. Geophys. Res., 114, C04009, doi:10.1029/2008JC005147.
Spall, M. A., 1997: Baroclinic jets in confluent flow. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 27, 1054-1071.
Spall, M. A., 2007a: Midlatitude wind stress-sea surface temperature coupling in the vicinity of oceanic fronts, J. Climate, 20, 3785-3801.
Spall, M. A., 2007b: Effect of sea surface temperature-wind stress coupling on baroclinic instability in the ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 37, 1092-1097.
Thomas, L., 2005: Destruction of potential vorticity by winds. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 35, 2457-2466.
Thomas, L., and C. Lee, 2005: Intensification of ocean fronts by down front winds, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 35, 1086–1102.
Tokinaga, H., Y. Tanimoto, S.-P. Xie, T. Sampe, H. Tomita, and H. Ichikawa, 2009: Ocean frontal effects on the vertical development of clouds over the western North Pacific: In situ and satellite observations. J. Climate, 22, 4241-4260.
Trask, Richard P., Weller, Robert A. Ostrom, William M., 1995: Arabian Sea mixed layer dynamics experiment: mooring deployment cruise report R/V Thomas Thompson cruise number 46, 14 April-29 April 1995 Woods Hole Oceanographic Inst. Tech. Rep. WHOI-95-14, Woods Hole, MA, 88 pp.
Vecchi, G.A., S.-P. Xie and A.S. Fischer, 2004: Ocean-atmosphere covariability in the western Arabian Sea. J. Climate, 17, 1213-1224.

Xie, S.-P., 2004: Satellite observations of cool ocean-atmosphere interaction, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 85(2), 195-208, doi:10.1175/BAMS-85-2-195.

Xie, T., W. Perrie, and W. Chen, 2010: Gulf Stream thermal fronts detected by synthetic aperture radar, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L06601, doi:10.1029/2009GL041972

Xu, H., H. Tokinaga, and S.-œP. Xie, 2010: Atmospheric effects of the Kuroshio large meander during 2004-05. J. Climate, 23, 4704-4715.

Blackmon, M.L., 1976. A Climatological Spectral Study of the 500 mb Geopotential Height of the Northern Hemisphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 1607–1623.
Blackmon, M.L., J.M. Wallace, N.-C. Lau, and S.L. Mullen, 1977. An Observational Study of the Northern Hemisphere Wintertime Circulation. J. Atmos. Sci., 34, 1040–1053.
Bosilovich, M.G., F. Robertson and J. Chen, 2011. Global Energy and Water Budgets in MERRA. J. Climate, 24, 5721-5739.
Bower, A. S., and W. J. von Appen, 2008. Interannual Variability in the Pathways of the North Atlantic Current over the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the Impact of Topography. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 38, 104-120, doi:10.1175/2007JPO3686.1.
Boyer, T.P., J.I. Antonov , O.K. Baranova, H.E. Garcia, D.R. Johnson, R.A. Locarnini, A.V. Mishonov, T.D. O’Brien, D. Seidov, I.V. Smolyar, M.M. Zweng, 2009. World Ocean Database 2009. S. Levitus, Ed., NOAA Atlas NESDIS 66, U.S. Gov. Printing Office, Wash., D.C., 216 pp., DVDs.
Compo, G.P., et al., 2011. The Twentieth Century Reanalysis Project. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 137, 1-28. DOI: 10.1002/qj.776.
Dee, D.P., et al., 2011. The ERA-Interim reanalysis: configuration and performance of the data assimilation system. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 137, 553–597. doi: 10.1002/qj.82.
Dole, R.M., and R.X. Black, 1990. Life Cycles of Persistent Anomalies. Part II: The Development of Persistent Negative Height Anomalies over the North Pacific Ocean. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 824–846.
Duchon, C.E., 1979. Lanczos Filtering in One and Two Dimensions. J. Appl. Meteor., 18, 1016– 1022.
Frankignoul, C., N. Sennéchael, Y.-O. Kwon, and M.A. Alexander, 2011. Atmosphere-ocean variability associated with Kuroshio and Oyashio Extension fluctuations. J. Climate, 24, 762- 777. doi: 10.1175/2010JCLI3731.1.
Häkkinen, S., P.B. Rhines, D.L. Worthen, 2011. Atmospheric Blocking and Atlantic Multidecadal Ocean Variability. Science, 334, 655-659.
Haines, K., and J. Marshall, 1987. Eddy-forced coherent structures as a prototype of atmospheric blocking. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc, 113, 681-704.
Jayne, S.R., and J. Marotzke, 2002. The oceanic eddy heat transport. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 32, 3328–3345.
􏰃
􏰁􏰂􏰃
Johns, W. E., et al., 2011. Continuous, array-based estimates of Atlantic ocean heat trans- port at 26.5􏰅 N. J. Climate, 24, 2429–2449, doi:10.1175/2010JCLI3997.1.
Joyce, T.M., and R. Zhang, 2010. On the path of the Gulf Stream and the Atlantic Meridional Overturing Circulation J. Climate, 23, 3146-3154.
Joyce, T.M., C. Deser, and M.A. Spall, 2000. The relation between decadal variability of Subtropical Mode Water and the North Atlantic Oscillation. J. Climate, 13, 2550-2569.
Joyce, T. M., Y.-O. Kwon, and L. Yu, 2009. On the relationship between synoptic wintertime atmospheric variability and path shifts in the Gulf Stream and Kuroshio Extension. J. Climate, 22, 3177-3192.
Kelly, K.A., R.J. Small, R.M. Samelson, B. Qiu, T.M. Joyce, Y.-O. Kwon, and M. Cronin, 2010: Western Boundary Currents and Frontal Air-Sea Interaction: Gulf Stream and Kuroshio Extension. J. Climate, 23, 5644-5667.
Knight, J., R.J., Allan, C.K. Folland, M. Vellinga, and M.E. Mann, 2005. A signature of persistent natural thermohaline circulation cycles in observed climate. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L20708, doi:10.1029/1005GL024233
Kwon, Y.-O., and T.M. Joyce, 2012. Northern Hemisphere Winter Atmospheric Transient Eddy Heat Fluxes and the Gulf Stream and Kuroshio-Oyashio Extension Variability, In-prep. [manuscript available at http://www.whoi.edu/sites/ykwon/kwon_joyce_2012.pdf] Kwon, Y.-O., M.A. Alexander, N.A. Bond, C. Frankignoul, H. Nakamura, B. Qiu, L. Thompson, 2010. Role of Gulf Stream and Kuroshio-Oyashio Systems in Large-Scale Atmosphere- Ocean Interaction: A Review. J. Climate, 23, 3249–3281.
Lorenz, 1967. The nature and theory of the general circulation of the atmosphere. WMO-No.218, TP 115, pp161.
Nakamura, H., and J.M. Wallace, 1990. Observed Changes in Baroclinic Wave Activity during the Life Cycles of Low-Frequency Circulation Anomalies. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 1100–1116.
Nakamura, H., T. Sampe, Y. Tanimoto, and A. Shimpo, 2004. Observed asso- ciations among storm tracks, jet streams and midlatitude oceanic fronts. Earth’s Climate: The Ocean– Atmosphere Interaction, Geophys. Monogr., Vol. 147, Amer. Geophys. Union, 329–346.
Newman, M., G. N. Kiladis, K. M. Weickmann, F. M. Ralph, and P. D. Sardeshmukh, 2012. Relative contributions of synoptic and low-frequency eddies to time-mean atmospheric moisture transport, including the role of atmospheric rivers. J. Climate, in press.
Nonaka, M., H. Nakamura, Y. Tanimoto, T. Kagimoto, and H. Sasaki, 2006. Decadal Variability in the Kuroshio–Oyashio Extension Simulated in an Eddy-Resolving OGCM. J. Climate, 19, 1970–1989.
􏰃
􏰁􏰄􏰃
Peña-Molino, B. and T.M. Joyce, 2008. Variability in the Slope Water and its relation to the Gulf Stream path. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L03606, doi:10.1029/2007GL032183.
Priestley, C.H.B, 1949. Heat transport and zonal stress between latitudes. Quart. J. Royal Meteor. Soc., 75, 28–40.
Qiu, B., and S. Chen, 2005. Variability of the Kuroshio Extension jet, recirculation gyre and mesoscale eddies on decadal timescales. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 35, 2090-2103.
Renwick, J. A., and J. M. Wallace, 1996. Relationships between North Pacific wintertime blocking, El Niño, and the PNA pattern. Mon. Wea. Rev., 124, 2071-2076.
Reynolds, R.W., T.M. Smith, C. Liu, D.B. Chelton, K.S. Casey, and M.G. Schlax, 2007. Daily High-Resolution-Blended Analyses for Sea Surface Temperature, J. Climate, 20, 5473–5496.
Saha, S., et al., 2010. The NCEP Climate Forecast System Reanalysis. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 91, 1015-1057, DOI : 10.1175/2010BAMS 3001.1.
Seo, H., Y.-O. Kwon and J.-J. Park, 2012. Role of the East-Asian marginal sea SST in the regional predictability and the North Pacific climate variability. Japan Geoscience Union Meeting, May 23, 2012 (http://www.whoi.edu/science/PO/people/hseo/jpgu_seo.pdf).
Shutts, G.J., 1983. The propagation of eddies in diffluent jet streams: Eddy vorticity forcing of blocking flow fields. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 109, 737-761.
Skamarock, W. C., J. B. Klemp, J. Dudhia, D. O. Gill, D. M. Barker, M. G. Duda, X. Huang, W. Wang, and J. G. Powers, 2008. A description of the advanced research WRF version 3. Rep. NCAR/TN-475+STR, Natl. Cent. for Atmos. Res., Boulder, Colo.
Trenberth, K.E., and J.M. Caron, 2001. Estimates of meridional atmosphere and ocean heat transports. J. Climate, 14, 3433–3443.
Tyrlis, E., B. J. Hoskins, 2008. Aspects of a Northern Hemisphere Atmospheric Blocking Climatology. J. Atmos. Sci., 65, 1638–1652.
Visbeck M., E.P. Chassignet, R.G. Curr, T.L. Delworth, R.R. Dickson, G. Krahmann, 2003. The ocean’s response to North Atlantic Oscillation variability. The North Atlantic Oscillation: Climatic Significance and Environmental Impact. Geophys Monogr No. 134 Amer Geophys Union 113–145.
Volkov D.L., T. Lee, and L.L. Fu, 2008. Eddy-induced meridional heat transport in the ocean. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L20601, doi:10.1029/2008GL035490.
Wallace, J.M., and P. V. Hobbs, 2006. Atmospheric Science: An Introductory Survey. 2nd ed. Academic Press, 483 pp.
􏰃
􏰁􏰆􏰃
Young-Oh Kwon
Department of Physical Oceanography, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543 Tel.: (508) 289-2901; Fax: (508) 457-2181; E-mail: yokwon@whoi.edu
B.Sc., in Oceanography, Seoul National University, Korea, 1996; M.Sc., in Physical Oceanography, Seoul National University, Korea, 1998; Ph.D., in Physical Oceanography, University of Washington, 2003.
Associate Scientist, November 2010-present, Assistant Scientist, November 2006−October 2010, Department of Physical Oceanography, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; Visiting Scientist, March−November 2006, Postdoctoral Scientist, December 2003−February 2006, National Center for Atmospheric Research; Research Assistant/Teaching Assistant, September 1998-November 2003, University of Washington; Research Assistant/Teaching Assistant, March 1996−June 1998, Seoul National University.
Allen, J.S., and P.A. Newberger, 1996. Downwelling on the Oregon continental shelf. Part I: response to idealized forcing. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 26, 2011-2035.
Allen, J.S., P.A. Newberger, and J. Federiuk, 1995. Upwelling circulation on the Oregon continental shelf. Part I: Response to idealized wind forcing. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 1843-1866.
Austin, J.A., and J.A. Barth, 2002a. Variation in the position of the upwelling front on the Oregon shelf. J. Geophys. Res., 107(C11), doi:10.1029/2001JC000858.
Austin, J.A., and J.A. Barth, 2002b. Drifter behavior on the Oregon-Washington shelf during downwelling-favorable winds. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 32, 3132-3144.
Badin, G., R. G. Williams, J. T. Holt, and L. J. Fernand, 2009. Are mesoscale eddies in shelf seas formed by baroclinic instability of tidal fronts? J. Geophys. Res., 114, C10021, doi:10.1029/2009JC005340.
Barth, J. A., 1989a. Stability of a coastal upwelling front. Part 1: Model development and stability theorem. J. Geophys. Res., 94, 10,844–10,856.
Barth, J. A., 1989b: Stability of a coastal upwelling front. Part 2: Model results and comparison with observations. J. Geophys. Res., 94, 10,857–10,883.
Barth, J. A., 1994. Short-wavelength instabilities on coastal jets and fronts. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 16,095– 16,115.
Barth, J. A., T. J. Cowles, P. M. Kosro, R. K. Shearman, A. Huyer, and R. L. Smith, 2002. Injection of carbon from the shelf to offshore beneath the euphotic zone in the California Current. Journal of Geophysical Research, 107(C6), 10.1029/2001JC000956.
Batchelor, G.K., 1960. Theory of homogeneous turbulence, Cambridge University Press, 197 pp. Boccaletti, G., R. Ferrari, and B. Fox-Kemper, 2007. Mixed layer instabilities and restratification. J.
Phys. Oceanogr., 37, 2228-2250. Blumsack, S.L., and P.J. Gierasch, 1972. Mars: the effects of topography on baroclinic instability. J.
Atmos. Sci., 29, 1081-1089. Brink, K. H., 1987. Coastal ocean physical processes. IUGG Reports, Reviews of Geophysics, 25(2), 204-
216. Brink, K. H., 2006. Coastal-trapped waves with finite bottom friction. Dynamics of Atmospheres and
Oceans, 41(3-4), 172-190. Brink, K. H., D. Halpern, and R. L. Smith, 1980. Circulation in the Peruvian upwelling system near 15°S.
Journal of Geophysical Research, 85(C7), 4036-4048.
Brink, K. H., B. H. Jones, J. C. Van Leer, C. N. K. Mooers, D. W. Stuart, M. R. Stevenson, R. C. Dugdale, and G. W. Heburn, 1981. Physical and biological structure and variability in an upwelling center off Peru near 15°S during March, 1977. In: Coastal Upwelling, Francis A. Richards, editor, Coastal and Estuarine Sciences, 1, American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C., pp.473-495.

E-1
Brink, K. H., J. H. LaCasce, and J. D. Irish, 1994. The effect of short-scale wind variations on shelf currents. Journal of Geophysical Research, 99(C2), 3305-3315.
Brink, K.H., D. W. Stuart, and J.C. Van Leer, 1984. Observations of the coastal upwelling region near 34°30’N off California: Spring 1981. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 14(2), 378-391.
Capet, X., J.C. McWilliams, M.J. Molemaker, and A.F. Shchepetkin, 2008a: Mesoscale to submesoscale transition in the California current system. Part I: flow structure, eddy flux and observational tests. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 38, 29-43.
Capet, X., J.C. McWilliams, M.J. Molemaker, and A.F. Shchepetkin, 2008b: Mesoscale to submesoscale transition in the California current system. Part II: frontal processes. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 38, 44-64.
Capet, X., J.C. McWilliams, M.J. Molemaker, and A.F. Shchepetkin, 2008c: Mesoscale to submesoscale transition in the California current system. Part III: energy balance and flux. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 38, 2256-2269.
Castelao, R. M., and J. A. Barth, 2005. Coastal ocean response in a region of alongshore bottom topography variations off Oregon during summer upwelling. J. Geophys. Res., 110(C10), C10S04, doi:10.1029/2004JC002409.
Chapman, D.C., 1987. Application of wind-forced, long, coastal-trapped wave theory along the California coast. Journal of Geophysical Research, 92(C2), 1798–1816.
de Szoeke, R.A., and J.G. Richman, 1984. On wind-driven mixed layers with strong horizontal gradients- a theory with application to coastal upwelling. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 14, 364-377.
Dever, E.P., 1997. Subtidal velocity correlation scales on the northern California shelf. J. Geophys. Res., 102(C4), pp. 8555-8572.
Durski, S.M., and J.S. Allen, 2005. Finite-amplitude evolution of instabilities associated with the coastal upwelling front. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 35, 1606-1628.
Durski, S.M., J.S. Allen, G.D. Egbert, and R.M. Samelson, 2007. Scale evolution of finite-amplitude instabilities on a coastal upwelling front. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 37, 837-854.
Durski, S.M., R.M. Samelson, J.S. Allen, and G.D. Egbert, 2008. Normal-mode instabilities of a time- dependent coastal upwelling jet. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 38, 2056-2071.
Franks, P.J.S., and C. Chen, 1996. Plankton production in tidal fronts: a model of Georges Bank in summer. J. Marine Res., 54, 631-651.
Gill, A.E., J.S.A. Green, and A.J. Simmons, 1974. Energy partition in the large-scale ocean circulation and the production of mid-ocean eddies. Deep-Sea Res., 21, 499-528.
Gill, A.E., and E.H. Schumann, 1974. The generation of long shelf waves by the wind. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 4, 83-90.
Haine, T.W.N., and J. Marshall, 1998. Gravitational, symmetric and baroclinic instability of the ocean mixed layer. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 28, 634-658.

E-2
Huyer, A., 1984. Hydrographic observations along the CODE central line off northern California, 1981. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 14, 1647-1658.
Haidvogel, D.B., A. Beckmann, and K.S. Hedstrom, 1991. Dynamical simulations of filament formation and evolution in the coastal transition zone. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 15,017-15,040.
Janowitz,G.S., and L.J. Pietrafesa, 1980. A Model and Observations of Time Dependent Upwelling. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 10, 1574-1583.
Jones, S.C., and A.J. Thorpe, 1992. The three-dimensional nature of “symmetric” instability. Q.J.R. Meteorol. Soc., 118, 227-258.
Kadko, D.C., L. Washburn, and B. Jones, 1991. Evidence of subduction within cold filaments of the northern California coastal transition zone. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 14,909-14,926.
Kundu, P.K., and J.S. Allen, 1976. Some three-dimensional characteristics of low-frequency current fluctuations near the Oregon coast. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 6, 181-199.
Kundu, P.K., J.S. Allen, and R.L. Smith, 1975. Modal decomposition of the velocity field near the Oregon Coast. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 5, 683-704.
Lentz, S.J., 2008. Observations and a model of the mean circulation over the Middle Atlantic Bight continental shelf. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 38, 1203-1221.
Lentz, S.J., and D.C. Chapman, 2004. The importance of non-linear cross-shelf momentum flux during wind-driven coastal upwelling. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 34, 2444-2457.
Lozier, S., M. Reed, and G. Gawarkiewicz, 2002. Linear stability of shelfbreak fronts. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 32(3), 924-944.
Mooers, C.N.K., C.A. Collins, and R.L. Smith, 1976. The dynamic structure of the frontal zone in the coastal upwelling region off Oregon. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 6, 3-21.
Moore, A.M., H.G. Arango, E. DiLorenzo, B.D. Cornuelle, A.J. Miller, and D.J. Neilson, 2004. A comprehensive ocean prediction and analysis system based on the tangent linear and adjoint of a regional ocean model. Ocean Modelling, 7, 227-258.
Pak., H., G.F. Beardsley, and R.L. Smith, 1970. An optical and hydrographic study of a temperature inversion off Oregon during upwelling. J. Geophys. Res., 75, 629-636.
Pedlosky, J., 1978a. An Inertial Model of Steady Coastal Upwelling. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 8, 171-177.
Pedlosky, J., 1978b. A Nonlinear Model of the Onset of Upwelling. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 8, 178–187.
Pedlosky, J., 1979. Geophysical Fluid Dynamics. Springer-Verlag, New York, 624pp. Pringle, J.M., 2001. Cross-shelf eddy heat transport in a wind-free coastal ocean undergoing winter time
cooling. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 2589-2604. E-3

Rhines, P.B., 1977. The dynamics of unsteady currents. In The Sea, volume 6, (E.D. Goldberg, I.N. McCave, J.J. O’Brien and J.H. Steele, editors), Wiley-Interscience, New York, 189-318.
Rudnick, D.L., and R.E. Davis, 1988. Frontogenesis in mixed layers. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 18, 434-457.
i Lorenzo, E., A. J. Miller, D. J. Neilson, B. D. Cornuelle, and J. R. Moisan, 2004: Modeling observed California Current mesoscale eddies and the ecosystem response. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 25, 1307-1312.
*Di Lorenzo, E., A. J. Miller, N. Schneider and J. C. McWilliams, 2005: The warming of the California Current: Dynamics, thermodynamics and ecosystem implications. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 35, 336-362.
*Di Lorenzo, E., A.M. Moore, H.G. Arango, B.D. Cornuelle, A.J. Miller, B. Powell, B.S. Chua and A.F. Bennett, 2007: Weak and strong constraint data assimilation in the inverse regional ocean modeling system (ROMS): development and application for a baroclinic coastal upwelling system. Ocean Modelling, 16, 160-187.
Durand, F., S. R. Shetye, J. Vialard, D. Shankar, S. S. C. Shenoi, C. Ethe, and G. Madec, 2004: Impact of temperature inversions on SST evolution in the southeastern Arabian Sea during the pre-summer monsoon season. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L01305, doi:10.1029/2003GL018906.
Gadgil, S., P. V. Joseph, and N. V. Joshi, 1984 *Haidvogel, D. B., H. Arango, W. P. Budgell, B. D. Cornuelle, E. Curchitser, E. Di Lorenzo, K.
Fennel, W. R. Geyer, A. J. Hermann, L. Lanerolle, J. Levin, J. C. McWilliams, A. J. Miller, A. M. Moore, T. M. Powell, A. F. Shchepetkin, C. R. Sherwood, R. P. Signell, J. C. Warner, and J. Wilkin, 2008: Regional ocean forecasting in terrain-following coordinates: model formulation and skill assessment. Journal of Computational Physics, 227, 3595-3624.
Gadgil, S., 2003: The Indian monsoon and its variability. Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 31,429-467. *Kim, H.-J. and A. J. Miller, 2007: Did the thermocline deepen in the southern California Current
after the 1976-77 climate regime shift? Journal of Physical Oceanography, 37, 1733-1739. *Miller, A. J., and B. D. Cornuelle, 1999: Forecasts from fits of frontal fluctuations. Dynamics of
Atmospheres and Oceans, 29, 305-333. *Miller, A. J., E. Di Lorenzo, D. J. Neilson, B. D. Cornuelle and J. R. Moisan, 2000: Modeling
CalCOFI observations during El Nino: Fitting physics and biology. California Cooperative
Oceanic Fisheries Investigations Reports, 41, 87-97. *Moisan, J. R., A. J. Miller, E. Di Lorenzo and J. Wilkin, 2005: Modeling and data assimilation. In:
Remote Sensing in Coastal Aquatic Environments, R. L. Miller, C. E. Del Castillo, and B. A.
McKee, Eds., Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp. 229-257. *Moore, A. M., H. G Arango, E. Di Lorenzo, B. D. Cornuelle, A. J. Miller and D. J. Neilson, 2004:
A comprehensive ocean prediction and analysis system based on the tangent linear and adjoint
of a regional ocean model. Ocean Modelling, 7, 227-258. *Moore, A.M., H.G. Arango, E. Di Lorenzo, A.J. Miller and B.D. Cornuelle, 2009: An adjoint
sensitivity analysis of the southern portion of the California Current circulation and ecosystem.
Journal of Physical Oceanography, 39, 702-720. Moore, A.M., Arango, H.G., Broquet, G., Powell, B.S., Zavala-Garay, J., Weaver, A.T., 2012. The
regional ocean modeling system (ROMS) 4-dimensional variational data assimilation systems.
I: System overview and formulation. Prog. Oceanogr. doi:10.1016/ j.pocean.2011.05.004. *Muccino, J.C., H.G. Arango, A.F. Bennett, B.S. Chua, B.D. Cornuelle, E. Di Lorenzo, G.D.
Egbert, D. Haidvogel, L. Hao, J.C. Levin, A.J. Miller, A.M. Moore and E.D. Zaron, 2007: The inverse ocean modeling system. II: Applications. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 25, 1623-1537.
*Seo, H., A. J. Miller and J. O Roads, 2007: The Scripps Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Regional (SCOAR) model, with applications in the eastern Pacific sector, Journal of Climate, 20, 381- 402.
Seo, H., R. Murtugudde, M. Jochum and A. J. Miller, 2008: Modeling of mesoscale coupled ocean- atmosphere interaction and its feedback to ocean in the western Arabian Sea. Ocean Modelling, 25, 120-131.
Seo, H., S.-P. Xie, R. Murtugudde, M. Jochum and A. J. Miller, 2009: Seasonal effects of Bay of Bengal barrier layer dynamics in a regional coupled model. Journal of Climate, 22, 6577- 6596..
Small, R. J., S. de Szoeke, S. P. Xie, L. O’Neill, H. Seo, Q. Song, P. Cornillon, M. Spall, and S. Minobe, 2008: Air-Sea Interaction over Ocean Fronts and Eddies. Dynamics of Ocean and Atmosphere, 45, 274-319.
Song, H., A. J. Miller, S. McClatchie, E. D. Weber, K. M. Nieto and D. M. Checkley, 2012: Application of a data-assimilation model to variability of Pacific sardine spawning and survivor habitats with ENSO in the California Current System. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, 117, C03009, doi:10.1029/2011JC007302.
*Subramanian, A. C., M. Jochum, A. J. Miller, R. Murtugudde, R. B. Neale and D. E. Waliser, 2011: The Madden Julian Oscillation in CCSM4. Journal of Climate, 24, 6261-6282.
Wang, B., Q. Ding, X. Fu, I.-S. Kang, K. Jin, J. Shukla, and F. Doblas-Reyes, 2005: Fundamental challenge in simulation and prediction of summer monsoon rainfall. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L15711, doi:10.1029/2005GL022734.
Shchepetkin, A.F., and J.C. McWilliams, 2005. The regional oceanic modeling system (ROMS): A split- explicit, free-surface, topography-following-coordinate oceanic model. Ocean Modelling, 9(4), 347- 404.
Simpson, J.H., and I.D. James, 1986. Coastal and estuarine fronts. In Baroclinic Processes on Continental Shelves (C.N.K. Mooers, editor), American Geophysical Union, Washington D.C., 63-94.
Smith, R.L., A. Huyer, J.S. Godfrey, and J.A. Church, 1991. The Leeuwin Current off Western Australia, 1986-1987. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 21, 323-345.
Stevenson, M.R., R.W. Garvine, and B. Wyatt, 1974. Lagrangian measurements in a coastal upwelling zone off Oregon. J. Geophys. Res., 4, 321-336.
Vallis, G.K., 2006. Oceanic and Atmospheric Fluid Dynamics: Fundamentals and Large-Scale Circulation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., 745 pp.
Washburn, L., and L. Armi, 1988. Observations of frontal instabilities on an upwelling filament. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 18(8), 1075-1092.
Washburn, L., D.C. Kadko, B.H. Jones, T. Hayward, P.M. Kosro, T.P. Stanton, S. Ramp, and T. Cowles, 1991. Water mass subduction and the transport of phytoplankton in a coastal upwelling system. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 14,927-14,946.
Washburn, L., Swenson, M., Largier, J.L., Kosro, P.M., and S.R. Ramp, 1993. Cross-shelf sediment transport by an anti-cyclonic eddy off Northern California. Science, 261, 1560-1564.
Wijesekera, H. W., J. S. Allen, and P. Newberger, 2003. A modeling study of turbulent mixing over the continental shelf: Comparison of turbulent closure schemes. J. Geophys. Res., 108(C3), 3103, doi:10.1029/2001JC001234.
Winant, C.D., 1983. Longshore coherence of currents on the southern California shelf during the summer. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 13, 54-64.
Kwon, Y.-O., and S. C. Riser, 2004. North Atlantic Subtropical Mode Water: A History of Ocean- Atmosphere Interaction 1961−2000. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L19307, doi:10.1029/2004GL021116.
Kwon, Y.-O., and C. Deser, 2007. North Pacific Decadal Variability in Community Climate System Model Version 2. J. Climate, 20, 2416–2433.
Joyce, T. M., Y.-O. Kwon, and L. Yu, 2009. On the relationship between Synoptic Wintertime Atmospheric Variability and path shifts in the Gulf Stream and Kuroshio Extension. J. Climate, 22, 3177-3192.
Kwon, Y.-O., M.A. Alexander, N.A. Bond, C. Frankignoul, H. Nakamura, B. Qiu, and L. Thompson, 2010. Role of Gulf Stream and Kuroshio-Oyashio Systems in Large-Scale Atmosphere-Ocean Interaction: A Review. J. Climate, 23, 3249-3281.
Kelly, K.A., R.J. Small, R.M. Samelson, B. Qiu, T.M. Joyce, Y.-O. Kwon, and M. Cronin, 2010. Western boundary currents and frontal air-sea interaction: Gulf Stream and Kuroshio Extension. J. Climate, 23, 5644-5667.
Thompson, L., and Y.-O. Kwon, 2010. An enhancement of a coupled mode of variability in CCSM3 in the North Pacific owing to ocean model biases. J. Climate, 23, 6221–6233, doi: 10.1175/2010JCLI3402.1.
Kwon, Y.-O., C. Deser, and C. Cassou, 2011. Coupled atmosphere – mixed layer ocean response to ocean heat flux convergence along the Kuroshio Current Extension. Climate Dyn., 36(11-12), 2295- 2312, DOI 10.1007/s00382-010-0764-8.
Andres, M., Y .-O. Kwon, and J. Y ang, 2011. Observations of the Kuroshio’ s barotropic and baroclinic responses to basin-wide wind forcing. J. Geophys. Res., 116, C04011, doi:10.1029/2010JC006863.
Frankignoul, C., N. Sennéchael, Y.-O. Kwon, and M.A. Alexander, 2011. Atmosphere-ocean variability associated with Kuroshio and Oyashio Extension fluctuations. J. Climate, 24, 762-777.
Kwon, Y.-O., and C. Frankignoul, 2012. Stochastically-driven multi-decadal variability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation in CCSM3. Climate Dyn., 38, 895-876, doi:10.1007/s00382-011- 1040-2.

Boccaletti, G., R. Ferrari, and B. Fox-Kemper, 2007: Mixed layer instabilities and restrati- fication. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 37, 2228-2250.
Bryan, F.O., R. Tomas, J.M. Dennis, D.B. Chelton, N.G. Loeb, and J.L. McClean, 2010: Frontal Scale Air-Sea Interaction in High-Resolution Coupled Climate Models. J. Climate, 23, 6277-6291, doi:10.1175/2010JCLI3665.1.
Chelton, D. B., and S. K. Esbensen, M. G. Schlax, N. Thum, M. H. Freilich, F. J. Wentz, C. L. Gentemann, M. J. McPhaden, and P. S. Schopf, 2001: Observations of coupling between surface wind stress and sea surface temperature in the eastern tropical Pacific. J. Climate, 14, 1479-1498.
Chelton, D. B., M. G. Schlax, M. H. Freilich, and R. F. Milliff, 2004: Satellite measurements reveal persistent small-scale features in ocean winds. Science, 303, 978-983.
Chelton, D.B., M.G. Schlax and R.M. Samelson, 2007: Summertime Coupling between Sea Surface Temperature and Wind Stress in the California Current System. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 37, 495-517.
Chelton, D.B., and S.-P. Xie, 2010: Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction at Ocean Mesoscale. Oceanography, 23, 52-69
Cronin, M. F., S.-P. Xie, and H. Hashizume, 2003: Barometric pressure variations associated with eastern Pacific tropical instability waves. J. Climate, 16, 3050-3057
Eden, C. and H. Dietze, 2009: Effects of mesoscale eddy/wind interactions on biological new production and eddy kinetic energy. J. Geophys. Res.,114, C05023, doi:10.1029/2008JC005129
Eriksen, C., R. A. Weller, D. L. Rudnick, R. T. Pollard, and L. A. Regier, 1991: Ocean frontal variability in the Frontal Air-Sea Interaction Experiment. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 8569-8592.
Fairall C. W., E. F. Bradley, D. P. Rogers, J. D. Edson, and G. S. Young, 1996: Bulk parameterization of air-sea fluxes for Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled-Ocean Atmosphere Response Experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 15, 3747-3764
Fox-Kemper, B., R. Ferrari, and R. Hallberg, 2008: Parameterization of mixed layer eddies. I: Theory and diagnosis. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 38, 1145-1165.
Haack T., D. B. Chelton, J. Pullen, J. D. Doyle, M. Schlax, 2008: Air-sea interaction from US west coast summertime forecasts. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 38:2414-2437.
Haine, T. W. N., and J. Marshall, 1998: Gravitational, symmetric, and baroclinic instability of the ocean mixed layer. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 28, 634-658.
Hayes, S. P., M. J. McPhadden, and J. M. Wallace, 1989: The influence of sea surface temperature on surface wind in the eastern equatorial Pacific: Weekly to monthly variability. J. Climate, 2, 1500-1506.
Hogg, A., W. K. Dewar, P. Berloff, S. Kravtsov, and D. K. Hutchinson, 2009: The effects of mesoscale ocean-atmosphere coupling on the large-scale ocean circulation. J. Climate, 22, 4066-4082.
E-1
Hoskins, B.J., and P.J. Valdes, 1990: On the existence of storm-tracks. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 854-864.
Jin, X., C. Dong, J. Kurian, J. C. McWilliams, D. B. Chelton, and Z. Li, 2009: SST- wind interaction in coastal upwelling: Oceanic simulation with empirical coupling. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 39, 2957-2970.
L ́evy, M., P. Klein, and A-M. Treguier, 2001: Impacts of sub-mesoscale physics on production and subduction of phytoplankton in an oligotrophic regime, J. Mar. Res., 59, 535-565
Lindzen, R., and S. Nigam, 1987: On the role of sea surface temperature gradients in forcing low-level winds and convergence in the tropics. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 2418-2436.
Mahadevan, A., Oliger, J., Street, R.L., 1996a. A non-hydrostatic mesoscale ocean model 1: Well-posedness and scaling. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 26 (9), 1168-1880.
Mahadevan, A., Oliger, J., Street, R.L., 1996b. A non-hydrostatic mesoscale ocean model 2: Numerical implementation. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 26 (9), 1181-1900.
Mahadevan, A., Archer, D., 1998. Modeling a limited region of the ocean. Journal of Computational Physics 145 (2), 555-574.
Mahadevan, A., Archer, D., 2000. Modeling the impact of fronts and mesoscale circulation on the nutrient supply and biogeochemistry of the upper ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research 105 (C1), 1209-1225.
Mahadevan, A., 2006. Modeling vertical motion at ocean fronts: Are nonhydrostatic effects relevant at submesoscales? Ocean Modelling 14 (3-4), 222-240.
Mahadevan, A., Tandon, A., 2006. An analysis of mechanisms for submesoscale vertical motion at ocean fronts. Ocean Modelling 14 (3-4), 241-256.
Mahadevan, A., L. Thomas, and A. Tandon, 2008: Technical Comment: Eddy/wind in- teractions stimulate extraordinary mid-ocean plankton blooms. Science, 320, 448b, doi: 10.1126/science.1152111.
Mahadevan, A., A. Tandon and R. Ferrari, 2010. Rapid changes in mixed layer strati- fication driven by submesoscale instabilities and winds. J. Geophys. Res., 115, C03017, doi:10.1029/2008JC005203.
Martin, A. P., K. J. Richards, and M. J. R. Fasham (2001), Phytoplankton production and community structure in an unstable frontal region, J. Mar. Syst., 28, 65-89.
Marshall, J., C. Hill, L. Perelman, and A. Adcroft, 1997: Hydrostatic, quasi-hydrostatic, and non-hydrostatic ocean modeling. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 5733-5752.
McGillicuddy, D.J.,Robinson, A.R., Siegel, D.A., Jannasch, H.W., Johnson, R., Dickey, T.D., McNeil, J., Michaels, A.F., and A.H. Knap, 1998. Influence of mesoscale eddies on new production in the Sargasso Sea. Nature, 394, 263-265.
McGillicuddy, D.J., Anderson, L.A., Bates, N.R., Bibby, T., Buesseler, K.O., Carlson, C.A., Davis, C.S., Ewart, C., Falkowski, P.G., Goldthwait, S.A., Hansell, D.A., Jenkins, W.J., Johnson, R., Kosnyrev, V.K., Ledwell, J.R., Li, Q.P., Siegel, D.A. and D.K. Steinberg, 2007. Eddy/Wind Interactions Stimulate Extraordinary Mid-Ocean Plankton Blooms. Science, 316, 1021-1026.
E-2
Minobe, S., A. Kuwano-Yoshida, N. Komori, S.-P. Xie, and R. J. Small: 2008, Influence of the Gulf Stream on the troposphere, Nature, 452, 206-209, doi:10.1038/nature06690.
Minobe, S., M. Miyashita, A. Kuwano-Yoshida, H. Tokinaga, and S.-P. Xie, 2010: At- mospheric response to the Gulf Stream: Seasonal variations, J. Climate, 23, 3699-3719, doi:10.1175/2010JCLI3359.1
Monin A., and Obukhov A, 1954: Basic laws of turbulent mixing in the ground layer of the atmosphere. Trudy Geofiz. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR 151 (A 1959 translation (under auspices of American Meteorological Society) is available from Defense Technical Information Center (http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/AD672723)), pp 163-187.
Niiler, P. P., 1969: On the Ekman divergence in an oceanic jet. J. Geophys. Res., 74, 7048-7052.
Norris, J. R, and C. B. Leovy, 1994: Interannual variability in stratiform cloudiness and sea surface temperature. J. Climate, 7, 1915-1925.
O’Neill, Larry W., Steven K. Esbensen, Nicolai Thum, Roger M. Samelson, Dudley B. Chelton, 2010: Dynamical Analysis of the Boundary Layer and Surface Wind Responses to Mesoscale SST Perturbations. J. Climate, 23, 559-581.doi: 10.1175/2009JCLI2662.1
Park, K.-A., P. Cornillon, and D. L. Codiga, 2006: Modification of surface winds near ocean fronts: Effects of Gulf Stream rings on scatterometer (QuikSCAT, NSCAT) wind observations. J. Geophys. Res., 111, C03021, doi:10.1029/2005JC003016.
Rudnick, D. L., 2003: Observations of momentum transfer in the upper ocean: Did Ekman get it right? Near-Boundary Processes and Their Parameterization: Proc. 13th Huli- ko Winter Workshop, Honolulu, HI, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 163-170.
Seo, H., R. Murtugudde, M. Jochum, and A. J. Miller, 2008: Modeling of Mesoscale Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction and its Feedback to Ocean in the Western Arabian Sea. Ocean Modelling, 25, 120-131.
Seo, H., A. J. Miller and J. O. Roads, 2007: The Scripps Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Regional (SCOAR) model, with applications in the eastern Pacific sector. J. Climate, 20, No. 3, 381-402
Song, Q., D. B. Chelton, S. K. Esbensen, N. Thum, L. W. O’Neill, 2009: Coupling between Sea Surface Temperature and Low-Level Winds in Mesoscale Numerical Models. J. Climate, 22, 146-164.
Shimada, T., and S. Minobe, 2011:, Global analysis of the pressure adjustment mecha- nism over sea surface temperature fronts using AIRS/Aqua data, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L06704, doi:10.1029/2010GL046625.
Skamarock, W. C., J. B. Klemp, J. Dudhia, D. O. Gill, D. M. Barker, M. G. Duda, X. Huang, W. Wang, and J. G. Powers, 2008: A description of the advanced research WRF version 3. Rep. NCAR/TN-475+STR, Natl. Cent. for Atmos. Res., Boulder, Colo.
Small, R. J., S. de Szoeke, S. P. Xie, L. O’Neill, H. Seo, Q. Song, P. Cornillon, M. Spall, and S. Minobe, 2008: Air-Sea Interaction over Ocean Fronts and Eddies. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 45, 274-319
E-3
Small, R. J., S-P Xie, and Y. Wang, 2003: Numerical simulation of atmospheric response to Pacific tropical instability waves. J. Climate, 16, 3723-3741.
Spall, M. A., 1997: Baroclinic jets in confluent flow. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 27, 1054-1071. Spall, M. A., 2007a: Midlatitude wind stress-sea surface temperature coupling in the vicinity
of oceanic fronts, J. Climate, 20, 3785-3801. Spall, M. A., 2007b: Effect of sea surface temperature-wind stress coupling on baroclinic
instability in the ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 37, 1092-1097. Taylor, J., and R. Ferrari, 2009: The role of secondary shear instabilities in the equilibration
of symmetric instability. J. Fluid Mech., 622, 103-113. Thomas, L. N. and P. B. Rhines, 2002: Nonlinear stratified spin-up. J. Fluid Mech. 473,
211-244.
Thomas, L., 2005: Destruction of potential vorticity by winds. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 35, 2457-2466.
Umlauf, L., and H. Burchard, Second-order turbulence closure models for geophysical bound- ary layers. a review of recent work, Cont. Shelf. Res., 25, 795-827, 2005.
Wallace, J., T. Mitchell, and C. Deser, 1989: The influence of sea-surface temperature on surface wind in the eastern equatorial Pacific: Seasonal and interannual variability. J. Climate, 2, 1492-1499.
Xie, S.-P. (2004), Satellite observations of cool ocean-atmosphere interaction, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 85(2), 195-208, doi:10.1175/BAMS-85-2-195.

Auad, G., A. J. Miller, and E. Di Lorenzo (2006), Long-term forecast of oceanic conditions off California and their biological implications. J. Geophys. Res., 111, C09008.

Bakun, A. (1990), Global climate change and intensification of coastal ocean upwelling. Science, 247, 198–201.

Bakun, A., and C. Nelson (1991), The Seasonal Cycle of Wind-Stress Curl in Subtropical Eastern Boundary Current Region. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 21, 1815-1834.

Bakun, A, Weeks, S. J. (2008), The marine ecosystem off Peru: what are the secrets of its sherry productivity and what might its future hold? Prog. Oceangr., 79, 290–299.

Bakun, A., D. B. Enfield, A. Redondo-Rodriguez, and S. J. Weeks (2010), Greenhouse gas, upwelling-favorable winds, and the future of coastal ocean upwelling ecosystems. Global Change Biology, 16, 1213-1228.

Bograd, S. J., and R. J. Lynn (2003), Long-term variability in the Southern California Current System. Deep-Sea Res., 50B, 2355–2370.

Bograd, S. J., Checkley Jr., D. A, and Wooster, W. S. (2003), CalCOFI: a half century of physical, chemical, and biological research in the California Current System. Deep Sea Res. II, 50, 14–16.

Bograd, S. J., I. Schroeder, N. Sarkar, X. Qiu, W. J. Sydeman, and F. B. Schwing (2009), Phenology of coastal upwelling in the California Current, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L01602, doi:10.1029/2008GL035933.

Brink, K. H. (1983), The Near-Surface Dynamics of Coastal Upwelling. Prog. Oceangr., 12, 223-257

Beardsley, R. C., C. E. Dorman, C. A. Friehe, L. K. Rosenfeld and C. D. Winant (1987), Local atmospheric forcing during the Coastal Ocean Dynamics Experiment. 1. A description of the marine boundary layer and atmospheric conditions over a northern California upwelling region. J.Geophys. Res., 92, 1467-1488.

Capet, X. J., P. Marchesiello, J. C. McWilliams (2004), Upwelling response to coastal wind profiles. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L13311. doi:10.1029/2004GL020123.

Castelao, R. M., and J. A. Barth (2006), Upwelling around Cabo Frio, Brazil: The importance of wind stress curl, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L03602, doi:10.1029/2005GL025182.

Chenillat, F., P. Rivière, X. Capet, E. Di Lorenzo, and B. Blanke (2012), North Pacific Gyre Oscillation modulates seasonal timing and ecosystem functioning in the California Current upwelling system, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L01606, doi:10.1029/2011GL049966.
Chhak, K., and E. Di Lorenzo (2007), Decadal variations in the California Current upwelling cells, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L14604, doi:10.1029/2007GL030203.

Dever, E. P., C. E. Dorman, J. L. Largier (2006), Surface Boundary Layer Variability during Upwelling off Northern California. Deep Sea Res., 53, 2887-2905.

Diffenbaugh, N. S. (2005), Response of large-scale eastern boundary current forcing in the 21st century, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L19718, doi:10.1029/2005GL023905.

Diffenbaugh, N. S., M. A. Snyder, and L. C. Sloan (2004), Could CO2-induced land-cover feedbacks alter near-shore upwelling regimes? Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 101, 27-32.

Di Lorenzo, E., A. J. Miller, N. Schneider, J. C. McWilliams (2005), The warming of the California Current: dynamics and ecosystem implications. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 35, 336–362.

Di Lorenzo, E., N. Schneider, K. M. Cobb, P. J. S. Franks, K. Chhak, A. J. Miller, J. C. McWilliams, S. J. Bograd, H. Arango, E. Curchitser, T. M. Powell, and P. Riviére (2008), North pacific gyre oscillation links ocean climate and ecosystem change. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L08607, doi:10.1029/2007gl032838.

Dorman, C. E. (1985), Hydraulic control of the Northern California marine layer. Proc. of December 1985 Annual Meeting, EOS, 66, Amer. Geophys. Union, 914.

Dorman, C. E., C. D. Winant (1995), The marine layer in and around the Santa Barbara Channel. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 261–282.

Dorman, C. E., and D. Koracin (2008), Interaction of the Summer Marine Layer with An Extreme California Coastal Bend. Mon. Wea. Rev., 136, 2894-2922.

Edwards, K. A., D. P. Rogers, and C. E. Dorman (2002), Adjustment of the marine atmospheric boundary layer to the large-scale bend in the California coast, J. Geophys. Res., 107(C12), 3213, doi:10.1029/2001JC000807.

Enriquez, A. G., and C. A. Friehe (1995), Effect of Wind Stress and Wind Stress Curl Variability on Coastal Upwelling. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 1651-1671.

Foreman, M. G. G., B. Pal, and W. J. Merryfield (2011), Trends in upwelling and downwelling winds along the British Columbia shelf, J. Geophys. Res., 116, C10023, doi:10.1029/2011JC006995.

García-Reyes, M., and J. Largier (2010), Observations of increased wind-driven coastal upwelling off central California, J. Geophys. Res., 115, C04011, doi:10.1029/2009JC005576.

Gutiérrez, D., and coauthors (2011), Coastal cooling and increased productivity in the main upwelling zone off Peru since the mid-twentieth century, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L07603, doi:10.1029/2010GL046324.

Hamilton, G. D. (1980), Data Buoy Office programs, Bull. Am. Meteorol. .Soc., 67, 1012-1017.

Holland, P. W., and R. E. Welsch (1977), “Robust Regression Using Iteratively Reweighted Least-Squares.”, Communications in Statistics: Theory and Methods, A6, pp. 813–827.

Huber, P. J. (1981), Robust Statistics. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Huyer, A, and J. G. Pattullo (1972), A comparison between wind and current observations over the continental shelf off Oregon, Summer 1969. J. Geophys. Res., 77, 3215-3220.

Huyer, A. (1983), Coastal upwelling in the California current system. Prog. Oceanogr.,12, 259-284.

Kanamaru, H. and M. Kanamitsu (2007), 57-Year California Reanalysis Downscaling at 10km (CaRD10) Part 2. Comparison with North American Regional Reanalysis. J. Climate, 20, 5553-5571

Kanamitsu, M. and H. Kanamaru (2007), 57-Year California Reanalysis Downscaling at 10km (CaRD10) Part 1. System Detail and Validation with Observations. J. Climate, 20, 5527-5552.

Koracin, D and C. E. Dorman and E. P. Dever (2004), Coastal Perturbations of Marine Layer Winds, Wind Stress, and Wind Stress Curl Along the California and Baja California in June 1999. J. Phys. Ocean., 34, 1152-1173.

Largier, J. L., C. A. Lawrence, M. Roughan, D. M. Kaplan, E. P. Dever, C. E. Dorman, R. M. Kudela, S. M. Bollens, F. P. Wilkerson, R. C. Dugdale, L. W. Botsford, N. Garfield, B. Kuebel Cervantes, D. Koracin (2006), WEST: a northern California study of the role of wind-driven transport inthe productivity of coastal plankton communities. Deep Sea Res. II, 53, 2833-2849.

Leduc, G., C. T. Herbert, T. Blanz, P. Martinez, and R. Schneider (2010), Contrasting evolution of sea surface temperature in the Benguela upwelling system under natural and anthropogenic climate forcings, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L20705, doi:10.1029/2010GL044353.

Macías, D., M. R. Landry, A. Gershunov, A. J. Miller, and P. J. S. Franks (2012), Climatic Control of Upwelling Variability along the Western North- American Coast, PLoS ONE, in press
Mantua, N.J. and S.R. Hare (2002), The Pacific Decadal Oscillation. J. Oceanography,. 58, 35-44.
Mantua, N. J., S. R. Hare, Y. Zhang, J. M. Wallace, and R. C. Francis (1997), A Pacific interdecadal climate oscillation with impacts on salmon production. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 78, 1069–1079.

Marchesiello, P., J. C. McWilliams, A. Shchepetkin (2003), Equilibrium Structure and Dynamics of the California Current System. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 33, 753–783.

McGowan, J., S. Bograd, R. J. Lynn, and A. J. Miller (2003), The biological response to the 1977 regime shift in the California Current. Deep-Sea Res., 50, 2567–2582.

McGregor, H. V., M. Dima, H. W. Fischer, and S. Mulitza (2007), Rapid 20th-century increase in coastal upwelling off northwest Africa, Science, 315, 637–639, doi:10.1126/science.1134839.

Mendelssohn, R., and F. B. Schwing (2002), Common and uncommon trends in SST and wind stress in the California and Peru–Chile current systems, Prog. Oceangr., 53, 141-161

Mesinger, F., G. DiMego, E. Kalnay, K. Mitchell, P. C. Shafran, W. Ebisuzaki, D. Jovic, J. Wollen, E. Rogers, E. H. Berbery, M. B. Ek, Y. Fan, R. Grumbine, W. Higgins, H. Li, G. Manikin, D. Parrish, and W. Shi (2006), North American regional reanalysis, Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 87,343–360.

Mestas‐Nuñez, A. M., and A. J. Miller (2006), Interdecadal variability and climate change in the eastern tropical Pacific: A review, Progr. Oceanogr., 69, 267–284, doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2006.03.011.
Miller, A. J., D. R. Cayan, T. P. Barnett, N. E. Graham, and J. M. Oberhuber (1994), Interdecadal variability of the Pacific Ocean—Model response to observed heat flux and wind stress anomalies. Climate Dyn., 9, 287–302.

Narayan, N., A. Paul, S. Mulitza, and M. Schulz (2010), Trends in coastal upwelling intensity during the late 20th century. Ocean Sci. Discuss., 7, 335–360.

Nykjær, L., and L. Van Camp (1994), Seasonal and interannual variability of coastal upwelling along northwest Africa and Portugal from 1981 to 1991, J. Geophys. Res., 99(C7), 14,197–14,207, doi:10.1029/94JC00814.

Pedlosky, J. (1978), A Nonlinear Model of the Onset of Upwelling. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 8, 178-187.

Pickett, H., and J. D. Paduan (2003). Wind stress curl and related upwelling in the California Current System from high resolution COAMPS reanalysis fields. J. Geophys. Res., 108, 25, 1-10.

Reynolds, R. W., T. M. Smith, C. Liu, D. B. Chelton, K. S. Casey, M. G. Schlax (2007), Daily High-Resolution-Blended Analyses for Sea Surface Temperature. J. Climate, 20, 5473-5496.

Roemmich, D. (1992), Ocean warming and sea-level rise along the southwest United States coast. Science, 257, 373–375.

Roemmich, D., and J. McGowan (1995), Climatic warming and the decline of zooplankton in the California Current. Science, 267, 1324– 1326.

Rykaczewski, R. R., and David M. Checkley, Jr (2008), Influence of ocean winds on the pelagic ecosystem in upwelling regions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 105, 1965-1970.

Schwing, F. B., and R. Mendelssohn (1997), Increased coastal up- welling in the California Current System. J. Geophys. Res., 102B, 3421–3438.

Schwing, F. B., T. Murphree, and P. M. Green (2002), The Northern Oscillation Index (NOI): A new climate index for the northeast Pacific, Progr. Oceanogr., 53, 115–139.

Smith, R.L. (1968), Upwelling. In: H. Barnes, Editor, Oceanography and Marine Biology Annual Review, 6, pp. 11–46.

Snyder, M. A., L. C. Sloan, N. S. Diffenbaugh, and J. L. Bell (2003), Future climate change and upwelling in the California Current. Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(15), 1823, doi:10.1029/2003GL017647.

Sutton, R. T., B. Dong, and J. M. Gregory (2007), Land/sea warming ratio in response to climate change: IPCC AR4 model results and comparison with observations. Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L02701.

Sverdrup, H.U (1937), On the process of upwelling. J. Mar. Res., 1, 155–164.

Trenberth, K.E., and J.W. Hurrell (1994), Decadal atmosphere-ocean variations in the Pacific. Clim. Dynm., 9, 303.

van Geen, A., S. N. Luoma, C. C. Fuller, R. Anima, H. E. Clifton, S. Trumbore (1992), Evidence from Cd/Ca ratios in foraminifera for greater upwelling off California 4,000 years ago, Nature, 358, 54-56.

von Storch, H., H. Langenberg, and F. Feser (2000), A spectral nudging technique for dynamical downscaling purposes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 3664–3673.

Winant, C. D., C. E. Dorman, C. A. Friehe, and R. Beardsley (1988), The marine layer off northern California: An example of supercritical channel flow. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 3588–3605.

Worley, S. J., S. D. Woodruff, R. W. Reynolds, S. J. Lubker, and N. Lott (2005), ICOADS release 2.1 data and products. Int. J. Climatol., 25, 823–842.
Yoshida, K. (1955), Coastal upwelling off the California coast. Rec. Oceanogr. Wks Japan, 2(2):8-20.
Yu, L., R. A. Weller (2007), Objectively Analyzed air-sea heat Fluxes (OAFlux) for the global ice-free oceans. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 88, 527-539.
Bender MA, Ginis, I (2000) Real case simulations of hurricane-ocean interaction using a high resolution coupled model: Effects on hurricane intensity. Mon. Wea. Rev. 126:917-946
Carton JA, Chepurin G, Cao X, Giese B (2000) A simple ocean data assimilation analysis of the global upper ocean 1950 – 95. Part I. Methodology. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 30:294–309

Chang S, Anthes R, (1978) Numerical simulations of the ocean’s nonlinear baroclinic response to translating hurricanes. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 8:468-480

Chang S, Anthes R (1979) The mutual response of the tropical cyclone and the ocean. J. Phys. Ocenogr. 9:128-135

Cione JJ, Uhlhorn EW (2003) Sea Surface Temperature Variability in Hurricanes: Implications with Respect to Intensity Change. Mon. Wea. Rev. 131:1783-1796

DeMaria M, Mainelli M, Shay LK, Knaff JA, Kaplan J (2005) Further improvements to the statistical hurricane intensity prediction scheme (SHIPS). Wea. Forecasting 20:531-543

DeMaria M, Kaplan J (1994) A statistical hurricane intensity prediction scheme (SHIPS) for the Atlantic basin. Wea. Forecasting 9:209-220

Emanuel KA, DesAutles C, Holloway C, Korty R (2004) Environmental Control of Tropical Cyclone Intensity. J. Atmos. Sci. 61:843-858

Emanuel KA (1999) Thermodynamic control of hurricane intensity. Nature 401:665-66

Fairall, CW, Bradley EF, Rogers DP, Edson JB, Young GS (1996) Bulk parameterization of air-sea fluxes for Tropical Ocean-Global Atmosphere Coupled-Ocean Atmosphere Response Experiment. J. Geophys. Res. 101:3747-3764

Falkovich A, Ginis I, Lord S (2005) Implementation of data assimilation and ocean initialization for the coupled GFDL/URI hurricane prediction system. J. Atmos. and Ocean. Tech. 22:1918–1932

Gilson J, Roemmich D, Cornuelle B, Fu LL (1998) Relationship of TOPEX/Poseidon altimetric height to steric height and circulation of the North Pacific. J. Geophys. Res. 103:27, 947–27,965

Goni GJ, Knaff J (2009) Tropical Cyclone Heat Potential. Bull. Amer. Meteoro. Soc. 90:S54-S56

Goni GJ, and coauthors (2009) Applications of satellite-derived ocean measurements to tropical cyclone intensity forecasting. Oceanography. 22(3):176-183

Goni GJ, Trinanes J (2003) Ocean thermal structure monitoring could aid in the intensity forecast of tropical cyclones. EOS, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, 85:179

Haidvogel DB, Arango HG, Hedstrom K, Beckmann A, Malanotte-Rizzoli P, Shchepetkin AF (2000) Model evaluation experiments in the North Atlantic Basin. Simulations in nonlinear terrain-following coordinates. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans. 32:239-281

Halliwell GR Jr, Shay LK, Brewster JK, Teague WJ (2010) Evaluation and sensitivity analysis of an ocean model response to Hurricane Ivan. Mon. Wea. Rev. 193:921-945. DOI: 10.1175/2010MWR3104.1
Halliwell GR Jr, Shay LK, Uhlhorn E, Jacob SD, Smedstad O (2008) Initializing ocean models with GODAE ocean nowcast products for tropical cyclone forecasting. Mon. Wea. Rev. 136:2576-2591

Hong X, Chang SW, Raman S, Shay LK, Hodur R (2000) The interaction of hurricane Opal (1995) and a warm core ring in the Gulf of Mexico. Mon. Wea. Rev. 128:1347-1365

Jacob DS, Shay LK, Mariano AJ, Black PG (2000) The three-dimensional mixed layer heat balance during Hurricane Gilbert. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 30:1407–1429

Jaimes B, Shay LK (2010) Near-Inertial Wave Wake of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita over Mesoscale Oceanic Eddies. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 40:1320-1337

Jaimes B, Shay LK (2009) Mixed layer cooling in mesoscale eddies during Katrina and Rita. Mon. Wea. Rev. 137(12):4188-4207

Juang HMH, Kanamitsu M (1994) The NMC nested regional spectral model. Mon. Wea. Rev. 122:3-26

Kain JS (2004) The Kain–Fritsch convective parameterization. An update. J. Appl. Meteor. 43:170–181

Kain JS, Fritsch JM (1993) Convective parameterization for mesoscale models: The Kain–Fritsch scheme. The Representation of Cumulus Convection in Numerical Models, Meteor. Monogr. No. 46, Amer. Meteor. Soc. 165–170

Kanamitsu M, Ebisuzaki W, Woollen J, Yang SK, Hnilo JJ, Fiorino M, Potter GL, 2002. NCEP-DOE AMIP-II Reanalysis (R-2). Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 83:1631-1643

Kleinschmidt E Jr. (1951) Gundlagen einer Theorie des tropischen Zyklonen. Archiv fur Meteorologie, Geophysik und Bioklimatologie, Serie A, 4:53-72

Knutson TR, Sirutis JJ, Garner ST, Held IM, Tuleya RE (2007) Simulation of the Recent Multidecadal Increase of Atlantic Hurricane Activity Using an 18-km-Grid Regional Model. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 88:1549-1565

Leipper DF, Volgenau D (1972) Hurricane heat potential of the Gulf of Mexico. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 2:218-224

Lin II, Pun IF, Wu CC (2009) Upper ocean thermal structure and the western North Pacific Category-5 Typhoons Part II. Dependence on translation speed. Mon. Wea. Rev. 137:3744-3757

Lin II, Pun IF, Ko DS (2008) Upper-ocean thermal structure and the western North Pacific category-5 typhoons. Part I. Ocean features and category-5 typhoon’s intensification. Mon. Wea. Rev. 136:3288–3306

Lin II, Wu CC, Emanuel KA, Lee IH, Wu CR, Pun IF (2005) The interaction of supertyphoon Maemi (2003) with a warm ocean eddy. Mon Wea. Rev. 133:2635-2649

Lugo-Fernández A (2007) Is the Loop Current a Chaotic Oscillator? J. Phys. Oceanogr. 37:1455–1469

Mainelli M, DeMaria M, Shay LK, Goni G (2008). Application of oceanic heat content estimation to operational forecasting of recent category 5 hurricanes, Wea. Forecasting. 23:3-16

Malkus JS, Riehl H (1960) On the Dynamics and Energy Transformation in Steady-State Hurricanes. Tellus. 12:1-20, DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1960.tb01279.x

Nowlin WD, Jochens AE, DiMarco SF, Reid RO (2000) Physical oceanography. Deepwater Gulf of Mexico environmental and socioeconomic data search and synthesis, Vol. 1, Narrative Report, OCS Study MMS 2000-049, Gulf of Mexico OCS Regional Office, Minerals Management Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, New Orleans, LA, 61–121

Powell MD, Houston SH, Reinhold TA (1996) Hurricane Andrew’s landfall in South Florida. Part I: Standardizing measurements for documentation of surface wind fields. Wea. Forecasting. 11:304–328

Price JF (2009) Metrics of hurricane-ocean interaction. Vertically-integrated or vertically-averaged ocean temperature? Ocean Sci. 5:351–368

Price JF, Sanford TB, Forristall GZ (1994) Forced stage response to a moving hurricane. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 24:233–260

Price JF (1981) Upper ocean response to a hurricane. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 11:153-175

Reynolds RW, Smith TM, Liu C, Chelton DB, Casey KS, Schlax MG (2007) Daily High-resolution Blended Analyses for sea surface temperature. J. Climate 20:5473-5496

Riehl H, Malkus JS (1961) Some aspects of Hurricane Daisy, 1958. Tellus 13:181-213

Riehl H (1963) Some relations between wind and thermal structure of steady state hurricanes. J. Atmos. Sci. 20:276-287

Sanford TB, Price JF, Girton JB, Webb DC (2007) Highly resolved ocean response to a hurricane. Geophys. Res. Lett. 34:L13604

Sanford TB, Black PG, Haustein J, Fenney JW, Forristall GZ, Price JF (1987) Ocean response to hurricanes, Part I. Observations. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 17:2065-2083

Schade LR (1994) The ocean’s effect on hurricane intensity. Ph.D. thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 127 pp.

Schade LR, Emanuel KA (1999) The ocean’s effect on the intensity of tropical cyclones: Results from a simple atmosphere-ocean model. J. Atmos. Sci. 56:642-651.

Scharroo R, Smith WH, Lillibridge JL (2005) Satellite altimetry and the intensification of Hurricane Katrina. EOS. 86:366-367

Seo H. Miller AJ, Roads JO (2007) The Scripps Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Regional (SCOAR) model, with applications in the eastern Pacific sector. J. Climate. 20:381-402

Shay LK, Goni GJ, Black PG (2000) Effect of a warm oceanic feature on hurricane Opal. Mon. Wea. Rev. 128:1366-1383

Shay LK, Uhlhorn EW (2008) Loop Current response to Hurricanes Isidore and Lili. Mon. Wea. Rev. 136:3248–3274

Shay LK (2009) Upper ocean structure: A revisit of the response to strong forcing events. Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences, J. Steele et al., Eds., Elsevier Press. 4619–4637

Shay LK, Brewster JK (2010) Oceanic Heat Content Variability in the Eastern Pacific Ocean for Hurricane Intensity Forecasting. Mon. Wea. Rev. 138:2110-2131

Shchepetkin AF, McWilliams JC (2005) The regional oceanic modeling system (ROMS). a split-explicit. Free-surface, topography-following-coordinate ocean model. Ocean Modell. 9:347-404

Sun D, Gautam, R, Cervone G, Boybei Z, Kafatos M (2006) Comment on Satellite altimetry and the intensification of Hurricane Katrina. EOS Trans. AGU, 87(8):89

Sturges W, Leben R (2000) Frequency of Ring Separations from the Loop Current in the Gulf of Mexico: A Revised Estimate. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 30:1814–1819

Sutyrin GG, Khain AP (1984) On the effect of air – ocean interaction on the intensity of a moving tropical cyclone. Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics. 20:787-794

Vukovich FM (1995). An updated evaluation of the Loop Current eddy-shedding frequency. J. Geophys. Res. 100, C5:8655-8659

Willis JK, Roemmich D, Cornuelle B (2004) Interannual variability in upper ocean heat content, temperature, and thermosteric expansion on global scales. J. Geophys. Res. 109:C12036

Willoughby HE, Black PG (1996) Hurricane Andrew in Florida. Dynamics of a disaster. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 77:543–549

Wu CC, Lee CY, Lin II (2007) The Effect of the Ocean Eddy on Tropical Cyclone Intensity. J. Atm. Sci. 64:3562-3578

Yablonsky RM, Ginis I (2008) Improving the initialization of coupled hurricane-ocean models using feature-based data-assimilation. Mon. Wea. Rev. 136:2592-2607

Yoshimura K, Kanamitsu M (2008) Dynamical Global Downscaling of Global Reanalysis. Mon. Wea. Rev. 136:2983–2998

Zamudio L, Hogan PJ (2008) Nesting the Gulf of Mexico in Atlantic HYCOM: Oceanographic processes generated by Hurricane Ivan. Ocean Modelling. 21:106-125

Zedler SE, Dickey TD, Doney, SC, Price JF, Yu X, Mellor GL (2002) Analyses and simulations of the upper ocean’s response to Hurricane Felix at the Bermuda Testbed Mooring site. 13–23 August 1995. J. Geophys. Res. 107(C12):3232. doi:10.1029/2001JC000969

Zhao M, Held IM, Lin S-J, Vecchi GA (2009) Simulations of Global Hurricane Climatology, Interannual Variability, and Response to Global Warming Using a 50-km Resolution GCM. J. Climate, 22:6653–6678

Fujita, T., 1952: Pressure distribution within a typhoon. Geophys. Mag., 23, 437–451.
Wang, Y., 1998: On the bogusing of tropical cyclones in numerical models: The influence of vertical structure. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 65, 153-170

Alexander, M., U. Bhatt, J. E. Walsh, M. Timlin, J. Miller, and J. Scott (2004), The atmospheric response to realistic Arctic sea ice anomalies in an AGCM during winter, J. Clim., 17(5), 890–905.

Andersen, S., R. Tonboe, L. Kaleschke, G. Heygster, and L. T. Pedersen (2007), Intercomparison of passive microwave sea ice concentration retrievals over the high-concentration Arctic sea ice, J. Geophys. Res., 112, C08004, doi:10.1029/2006JC003543.

Arctic Climatology Project, edited by F. Fetterer and V. Radionov, (2000) Arctic Climatology Project – EWG Arctic Meteorology and Climate Atlas. Boulder, Colorado USA: National Snow and Ice Data Center. CD-ROM.

Bromwich, D. H., K. M. Hines, and L.‐S. Bai (2009), Development and testing of Polar WRF: 2. Arctic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D08122, doi:10.1029/2008JD010300.

Brown, R. A. (1981), Modeling the Geostrophic Drag Coefficient for AIDJEX. J. Geophys. Res., 86, 1989-1994.

Brummer, B., Muller, G., Hoeber, H. (2003) A Fram Strait cyclone: properties and impact on ice drift as measured by aircraft and buoys. J. Geophys. Res., 108:4217–4230. doi:101029/2002 JD002638.

Budikova, D. (2009), Role of Arctic sea ice in global atmospheric circulation: A review, Global Planet. Change, 68(3), 149–163, doi:10.1016/j. gloplacha.2009.04.001.

Budyko, M.I. (1969), The effect of solar radiation variations on the climate of the Earth, Tellus 21, 611–619.

Cavalieri, D.J. (1994), A microwave technique for mapping thin sea ice, J. Geophys. Res., 99(C6), 12,561–12,572.

Cavalieri, D.J., C. Parkinson, P. Gloersen, and H. J. Zwally (1996), updated yearly. Sea Ice Concentrations from Nimbus-7 SMMR and DMSP SSM/I-SSMIS Passive Microwave Data. Boulder, Colorado USA: National Snow and Ice Data Center.

Cavalieri, D. J., T. Markus, and J. C. Comiso. 2003. AMSR-E/Aqua Daily L3 12.5 km Brightness Temperature, Sea Ice Concentration, & Snow Depth Polar Grids. Version 2. Boulder, Colorado USA: NASA DAAC at the National Snow and Ice Data Center.
Cavalieri, D.J. and C. Parkinson, 2012, Arctic sea ice variability and trends, 1979-2010, The Cryosphere, 6, 881-889, doi:10.5194/tc-6-881-2012.

Chelton, D.B., M. Schlax, M. H. Freilich and R. F. Milliff (2004), Satellite measurements reveal persistent small-scale features in ocean winds. Science, 303, 978–983.

Chen F., and J. Dudhia (2001), Coupling an advanced land-surface/hydrology model with the Penn State/NCAR MM5 modeling system. Part I: Model implementation and sensitivity, Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 569–585.

Chou, M.-D., and M. J. Suarez (1999), A solar radiation parameterization for atmospheric studies, NASA Tech. Rep. NASA/TM-1999–10460, 15, 38 pp., NASA Goddard Space Flight Cent., Greenbelt. Md.

Comiso, J. C. (1995),SSM/I ice concentrations using the Bootstrap algorithm, NASA Report 1380.

Comiso, J. C., D. Cavalieri, C. Parkinson, and P. Gloersen (1997), Passive microwave algorithms for sea ice concentrations: A comparison of two techniques, Remote Sensing of the Env., 60, 357–384.

Comiso, J. C. (2006) SSM/I daily and monthly polar gridded sea ice concentrations, May 2000. J. Maslanik and J. Stroeve, Eds., National Snow and Ice Data Center, Boulder, CO, digital media.

Comiso, J. C (2012), Large Decadal Decline of the Arctic Multiyear Ice Cover Journal of Climate, 25, 1176–1193

Curry, J. A., and A. M. Lynch (2002), Comparing Arctic regional climate models, Eos Trans. AGU, 83, 87, doi:10.1029/2002EO000051.

Dee, D.P, and co-authors., 2011: The ERA-Interim reanalysis: configuration and performance of the data assimilation system. Quart. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 137, 553-597.

Deser, C., G. Magnusdottir, R. Saravanan, and A. Phillips (2004), The effects of North Atlantic SST and sea ice anomalies on the winter circulation in CCM3. Part II: Direct and indirect components of the response, J. Clim., 17(5), 877–889.

Eastman, R., and S. G. Warren (2010), Interannual variations of Arctic cloud types in relation to sea ice, J. Clim., 23, 4216-4232.

Ebner, L, D. Schroder, G. Heinemann (2001), Impact of Laptev Sea flaw polynyas on the atmospheric boundary layer and ice production using idealized mesoscale simulations, Polar Research, 2011, 30, 7210, DOI: 10.3402/polar.v30i0.7210.

Esau, I.N. (2007), Amplification of turbulent exchange over wide Arctic leads: large-eddy simulation study. J. Geophys. Res., Atmos., 112, D08109, doi: s10.1029/ 2006JD007225.

Gloersen, P., W.J. Campbell, D.J. Cavalieri, J.C. Comiso, C.L. Parkinson, and H.J. Zwally (1992), Arctic and Antarctic Sea Ice, 1978–1987: Satellite Passive-Microwave Observations and Analysis. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 290 pp.
Hines, K. M., and D. H. Bromwich (2008), Development and testing of Polar WRF. Part I: Greenland Ice Sheet meteorology, Mon. Weather Rev., 136, 1971–1989.

Hines, K. M., D. H. Bromwich, L.-S. Bai, M. Barlage, and A. G. Slater (2011a), Development and testing of Polar WRF. Part III. Arctic land, J. Clim., 24, 26-48, doi: 10.1175/2010JCLI3460.1.

Hines, K, D. Bromwich, A. Wilson, D. Chapman (2011b). Sea Ice Treatment for Polar WRF. 12th Annual WRF User’s Workshop. http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/workshops/WS2011/Extended%20Abstracts%202011/P74_Hines_ExtendedAbstract_11.pdf

Hong, S.-Y., and J.-O. Lim (2006), The WRF single-moment 6-class microphysics scheme (WSM6), J. Korean Meteor. Soc., 42(2), 129-151.

Hunke, E. C., and M. M. Holland (2007), Global atmospheric forcing data for Arctic ice-ocean modeling, J. Geophys. Res., 112, C04S14, doi:10.1029/2006JC003640.

Inoue, J., J. Liu, J. O. Pinto, J. A. Curry (2006), Intercomparison of Arctic Regional Climate Models: Modeling Clouds and Radiation for SHEBA in May 1998. J. Clim., 19, 4167–4178.

Inoue, J., M. E. Hori, T. Enomoto, and T. Kikuchi, 2011: Intercomparison of surface heat transfer near the Arctic marginal ice zone for multiple reanalyses: A case study of September 2009, SOLA, 7, 57-60

Inoue, J., and M. E. Hori (2011), Arctic cyclogenesis at the marginal ice zone: A contributory mechanism for the temperature amplification?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L12502, doi:10.1029/2011GL047696.

Kahl, J. D., N. A. Zaitseva, V. Zaitseva, V. Khattatov, R. C. Schnell, D. M. Bacon, J. Bacon, V. Radionov, and M. C. Serreze (1999), Radiosonde observations from the former Soviet “North Pole” series of drifting ice stations, 1954–90, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 80, 2019–2026.

Kay, J. E., and A. Gettelman (2009), Cloud influence on and response to seasonal Arctic sea ice loss, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D18204, doi:10.1029/2009JD011773.

Kwok, R. (2002), Sea ice concentration estimates from satellite passive microwave radiometry and openings from SAR ice motion, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(9), 1311.

Kwok, R. (2009), Outflow of Arctic Ocean sea ice into the Greenland, and Barents Seas: 1979–2007. J. Clim., 22, 2438–2457.

Lindzen, R. S., and S. Nigam (1987), On the role of sea surface temperature gradients in forcing low-level winds and convergence in the tropics. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 2418–2436.

Lüpkes C, Gryanik VM, Witha B, Gryschka M, Raasch S, Gollnik T (2008), Modelling convection over leads with LES and a non-eddy-resolving microscale model. J. Geophys. Res. C09028. doi:10.1029/2007JC004099.

Manabe, S., M. J. Spelman, and R. J. Stouffer (1992), Transient responses of a coupled ocean- atmosphere model to gradual changes of atmospheric CO2. Part II: Seasonal response, J. Clim., 5, 105–126.

Markus T., D. J. Cavalieri (2009). The AMSR-E NT2 Sea Ice Concentration Algorithm: its Basis and Implementation. Journal of the Remote Sensing Society of Japan. 29, 1, 216-225.

Markus, T. and D.J. Cavalieri (2000), An enhancement of the NASA Team sea ice algorithm, IEEE Trans. Geoscience Remote Sensing, 38, 1387-1398.

Martin T. and R. Gerdes, 2007, Sea ice drift variability in Arctic Ocean Model Intercomparison Project models and observations, J. Geophys. Res., 112, C04S10, doi:10.1029/2006JC003617.
Meier, W. M. 2005. Comparison of passive microwave ice concentration algorithm retrievals with AVHRR imagery in Arctic peripheral seas. IEEE Transactions in Geoscience and Remote Sensing 43(6): 1324-1337, doi:10.1109/TGRS.2005.846151.
Minobe, S., A. Kuwano-Yoshida, N. Komori, S.-P. Xie, and R. J. Small (2008), Influence of the Gulf Stream on the troposphere. Nature, 452, 206-209, doi:10.1038/nature06690.

Mlawer, E. J., S. J. Taubman, P. D. Brown, M. J. Iacono, and S. A. Clough (1997), Radiative transfer for inhomogeneous atmosphere: RRTM, a validated correlated-k model for the longwave, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 16,663–16,682, doi:10.1029/97JD00237.

Oelke, C. (1997), Atmospheric signatures in sea-ice concentration estimates from passive microwaves: Modelled and observed, Int. J. Remote Sens.,18(5), 1113–1136.

O’Neill, L. W., D. B. Chelton, S. K. Esbensen (2003), Observations of SST-induced perturbations on the wind stress field over the Southern Ocean on seasonal timescales. J. Clim., 16, 2340–2354.
O’Neill, L. W., D. B. Chelton, S. K. Esbensen, and F. J. Wentz (2005), High-resolution satellite measurements of the atmospheric boundary layer response to SST perturbations over the Agulhas Return Current. J. Clim., 18, 2706–2723.
O’Neill, L. W. (2012), Wind Speed and Stability Effects on Coupling between Surface Wind Stress and SST Observed from Buoys and Satellite. J. Clim., 25, 1544–1569.

Overland, J. E. (1985), Atmospheric boundary layer structure and drag coefficients over sea ice. J. Geophys. Res., 90(C5), 9029–9049.

Overland, J. E., and R. L. Colony (1994), Geostrophic drag coefficients for the central Arctic derived from Soviet drifting station data. Tellus, 46A, 75-85.

Palm, S. P., S. T. Strey, J. Spinhirne, and T. Markus (2010), Influence of Arctic sea ice extent on polar cloud fraction and vertical structure and implications for regional climate, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D21209, doi:10.1029/2010JD013900.

Parkinson. C.L., D. Rind, R.J. Healy, and D.G. Martinson (2001), The Impact of Sea Ice Concentration Accuracies on Climate Model Simulation with the GISS GCM, J. Clim., 14, 2606-2623.

Persson, P. O. G., C. W. Fairall, E. L. Andreas, P. S. Guest, and D. K. Perovich, Measurements near the Atmospheric Surface Flux Group tower at SHEBA: Near-surface conditions and surface energy budget (2002), J. Geophys. Res., 107(C10), 8045, doi:10.1029/2000JC000705.

Perovich, D. K. and coauthors (1999), Year on ice gives climate insights, Eos Trans. AGU, 80(41), 481–486.

Perovich, D. K., T. C. Grenfell, B. Light, and P. V. Hobbs (2002). Seasonal evolution of the albedo of multiyear Arctic sea ice, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 10.1029/2000JC000438

Perovich, D.K., S.V. Nghiem, T. Markus and A. Schweiger (2007). Seasonal evolution and interannual variability of the local solar energy absorbed by the Arctic sea ice–ocean system. J. Geophys. Res., 112, C03005, doi:10.1029/2006JC003558.

Porter, D. F., J. J. Cassano, and M. C. Serreze (2012), Local and large-scale atmospheric responses to reduced Arctic sea ice and ocean warming in the WRF model, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D11115, doi:10.1029/2011JD016969.

Proshutinsky, A., Y. Yang, R. Gerdes, M. Karcher, F. Kauker, S. Hakkinen, W. Hibler, D. Holland, M. Maqueda, G. Holloway, E. Hunke, W. Maslowski, M. Steele, J. Zhang (2005), Arctic Ocean Study – Synthesis of Model Results and Observations. EOS, Vol. 86, No 4.

Proshutinsky, A., Y. Aksenov, J. Clement Kinney, R. Gerdes, E. Golubeva, D. Holland, G. Holloway, A. Jahn, M. Johnson, E. Popova, M. Steele, and E. Watanabe (2011), Recent advances in Arctic ocean studies employing models from the Arctic Ocean Model Intercomparison Project. Oceanography 24(3):102–113.

Rigor, I. (2002), IABP Drifting Buoy, Pressure, Temperature, Position, and Interpolated Ice Velocity, http://nsidc.org/data/g00791.html, Natl. Snow and Ice Data Cent., Boulder, Colo.

Sato, K., J. Inoue, Y.-M. Kodama, and J. E. Overland (2012), Impact of Arctic sea-ice retreat on the recent change in cloud-base height during autumn, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L10503, doi:10.1029/2012GL051850.

Schweiger, A. J., R. W. Lindsay, S. Vavrus, and J. A. Francis (2008), Relationships between Arctic sea ice and clouds during autumn, J. Clim., 21, 4799–4810.

Seo, H., A. J. Miller, and J. O. Roads (2007a), The Scripps Coupled Ocean‐ Atmosphere Regional (SCOAR) model, with applications in the eastern Pacific sector, J. Clim., 20, 381–402, doi:10.1175/JCLI4016.1.
Seo, H., M. Jochum, R. Murtugudde, A. J. Miller, and J. O. Roads (2007b), Feedback of tropical instability wave‐induced atmospheric variability onto the ocean, J. Clim., 20, 5842–5855, doi:10.1175/JCLI4330.1.
Seo, H., R. Murtugudde, M. Jochum, and A. J. Miller (2008), Modeling of Mesoscale Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction and its Feedback to Ocean in the Western Arabian Sea. Ocean Modell., 25,120-131.
Shimada, T., S. Minobe (2011), Global analysis of the pressure adjustment mechanism over sea surface temperature fronts using AIRS/Aqua data, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L06704.
Simmonds, I., W. F. Budd (1990), A simple parameterization of ice leads in a general circulation model, and the sensitivity of climate to change in Antarctic ice concentration. Ann. Glaciol., 14, 266–269.
Skamarock, W. C., J. B. Klemp, J. Dudhia, D. O. Gill, D. M. Barker, M. G. Duda, X. Huang, W. Wang, and J. G. Powers, 2008: A description of the advanced research WRF version 3. Rep. NCAR/TN-475+STR, Natl. Cent. for Atmos. Res., Boulder, Colo.

Small, R. J., S. de Szoeke, S. P. Xie, L. O’Neill, H. Seo, Q. Song, P. Cornillon, M. Spall, and S. Minobe (2008), Air-Sea Interaction over Ocean Fronts and Eddies. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 45, 274-319.

Sturm, M., J. Holmgren, M. Ko ̈nig, and K. Morris (1997), The thermal conductivity of seasonal snow, J. Glaciol., 43(143), 26–42.
Sturm, M., D. K. Perovich, and J. Holmgren, Thermal conductivity and heat transfer through the snow on the ice of the Beaufort Sea, J. Geophys. Res., 107(C21), 8043.

Sweet, W., R. Fett, J. Kerling, P. La Violette (1981), Air–sea interaction effects in the lower troposphere across the north wall of the Gulf Stream. Mon. Wea. Rev. 109, 1042–1052.

Swift, C. T., D. J. Cavalieri (1985), Passive microwave remote sensing for sea ice research. EOS. 66(49):1210-1212.

Tastula, Esa-Matti; Vihma, Timo; Andreas, Edgar L. (2012): Evaluation of Polar WRF from Modeling the Atmospheric Boundary Layer over Antarctic Sea Ice in Autumn and Winter. Mon. Wea. Rev. 140, 3919-3935.

Tjernstrom, M., M. Zagar, G. Svensson, J. Cassano, S. Pfeifer, A. Rinke, K. Wyser, K. Dethloff, C. Jones, and T. Semmler (2005), Modelling the Arctic boundary layer: An evaluation of six ARCMIP regional-scale models with data from the SHEBA project, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 117, 337–381, doi:10.1007/s10546-004-7954-z.

Tonboe, R., S. Eastwood, T. Lavergne, and L. T. Pedersen (2011) EUMETSAT OSI SAF Global Sea Ice Concentration Reprocessing Data. Boulder, Colorado USA: National Snow and Ice Data Center.

Uttal, T., and coauthors (2002), The surface heat budget of the Arctic, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 83, 255–275.

Valkonen, T., T. Vihma, and M. Doble (2008), Mesoscale modeling of the atmosphere over Antarctic sea ice: A late-autumn case study, Mon. Weather Rev., 136, 1457–1474.

Vihma, T., C. Lüpkes, J. Hartmann, and H. Savijärvi (2005), Observations and modelling of cold-air advection over Arctic sea ice. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 117, 275–300.

Vinje, T. (2001), Fram Strait ice fluxes and atmospheric circulation: 1950–2000. J. Clim., 14:3508–3517.

Wallace, J. M., T. P. Mitchell, and C. Deser (1989), The influence of sea surface temperature on surface wind in the eastern equatorial Pacific: Seasonal and interannual variability. J. Clim., 2, 1492–1499.

Walter, B.A., and J.E. Overland (1991), Aircraft observations of the mean and turbulent structure of the atmospheric boundary layer during spring in the central Arctic. J. Geophys. Res., 96(C3), doi: 10.1029/90JC02263, 4663–4673.

Wensnahan, M., G. A. Maykut, T. C. Grenfell, and D. P. Winebrenner (1993), Passive microwave remote sensing of thin sea ice using principal component analysis, J. Geophys. Res., 98(C7), 12,453–12,468.

Wilson, A. B., D. H. Bromwich, K. M. Hines (2011), Evaluation of Polar WRF forecasts on the Arctic System Reanalysis domain. Part I. Surface and upper air analysis. J. Geophys. Res., 116, D11112, doi: 10.1029/2010JD015013.

Wilson, A. B., D. H. Bromwich, and K. M. Hines (2012), Evaluation of Polar WRF forecasts on the Arctic System Reanalysis domain. 2. Atmospheric hydrologic cycle. J. Geophys. Res., 17, D04107, doi:10.1029/2011JD016765.

Yang, J. (2009), Seasonal and interannual variability of downwelling in the Beaufort Sea, J. Geophys. Res., 114, C00A14, doi:10.1029/2008JC005084.

Zhang, J., R Woodgate, R. Moritz (2010), Sea Ice response to Atmospheric and Oceanic Forcing in the Bering Sea, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 40(8), 1729-1747.

Andersen, J. A., and Z. Kuang, 2012: Moist static energy budget of MJO-like disturbances in the atmosphere of a zonally symmetric aquaplanet. J. Climate, 25, 2782–2804.

Anderson, S. P., R. A. Weller, and R. Lukas, 1996: Surface buoyancy forcing and the mixed layer of the western Pacific warm pool: Observations and 1D model results. J. Climate, 9, 3056–3085.

Arnold, N. P., Z. Kuang, and E. Tziperman, 2013: Enhanced MJO-like Variability at High SST. J. Climate, 26, 988–1001.

Bellenger, Y. N., Takayabu, T. Ushiyama, and K. Yoneyama, 2010: Role of diurnal warm layers in the diurnal cycle of convection over the tropical Indian Ocean during MISMO. Mon. Wea. Rev., 138, 2426–2433.

Benedict, J., and D. A. Randall, 2007: Observed characteristics of the MJO relative to maximum rainfall. J. Atmos. Sci., 64, 2332–2354.

Benedict, J., and D. A. Randall, 2009: Observed Characteristics of the MJO Relative to Maximum Rainfall. J. Climate, 64, 2332–2354.

Bernie, D., S. Woolnough, J. Slingo, and E. Guilyardi, 2005: Modeling diurnal and intraseasonal variability of the ocean mixed layer, J. Climate, 18, 1190–1202.

Bernie, D., E. Guilyardi, G. Madec, J. Slingo, and S. Woolnough, 2007: Impact of resolving the diurnal cycle in an ocean–atmosphere GCM. Part 1: A diurnally forced OGCM. Clim. Dyn., 29, 575–590.

Bernie, D., E. Guilyardi, G. Madec, J. Slingo, S. Woolnough, and J. Cole, 2008: Impact of resolving the diurnal cycle in an ocean–atmosphere GCM. Part 2: A diurnally coupled CGCM. Clim. Dyn., 31, 909–925.

Bretherton, C. S., and S. Park, 2009: A New Moist Turbulence Parameterization in the Community Atmosphere Model. J. Climate, 22, 3422–3448.

Blade, I., and D. L. Hartmann, 1993: Tropical intraseasonal oscillation in a simple nonlinear model. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 2922–2939.

Chen, F. and J. Dudhia, 2001: Coupling an Advanced Land Surface-Hydrology Model with the Penn State-NCAR MM5 Modeling System. Part I: Model Implementation and Sensitivity. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 569–585.

Chen, S. S., and R. A. Houze, Jr., 1997: Diurnal variation and life cycle of deep convective systems over the tropical Pacific warm pool. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 123, 357–388.

Chou, M.-D., and M. J. Suarez, 1999: A solar radiation parameterization for atmospheric studies, NASA Tech. Rep. NASA/TM-1999–10460, 15, 38 pp., NASA Goddard Space Flight Cent., Greenbelt. Md.

Clayson, C. A., and A. S. Bogdanoff, 2013: The Effect of Diurnal Sea Surface Temperature Warming on Climatological Air–Sea Fluxes. J. Climate, 26, 2546–2556.

CLIVAR, 2009: MJO Simulation Diagnostics. J. Climate, 22, 3006–3030.

Cummings, J. A., 2005: Operational multivariate ocean data assimilation. Quart. J. Royal Met. Soc., 131, 3583–3604.

Dee, D., S. Uppala, A. Simmons, P. Berrisford, P. Poli, S. Kobayashi, U. Andrae, M. Balmaseda, G. Balsamo, and P. Bauer, 2011: The ERA-Interim reanalysis: Configuration and performance of the data assimilation system. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 137, 553–597.

Del Genio, A. D., Y. Chen, D. Kim, and M.-S. Yao, 2012: The MJO transition from shallow to deep convection in CloudSat/ CALIPSO and GISS GCM simulations. J. Climate, 25, 3755–3770.

Fairall, C., E. Bradley, J. Godfrey, G. Wick, J. Edson, and G. Young, 1996: Cool-skin and warm-layer effects on sea surface temperature. J. Geophys. Res., 101(C1), 1295–1308.

Fairall, C., E. F. Bradley, J. Hare, A. Grachev, and J. Edson, 2003: Bulk parameterization of air-sea fluxes: Updates and verification for the COARE algorithm. J. Climate, 16, 571–591.

Flatau, M., P. J. Flatau, P. Phoebus, and P. P. Niiler, 1997: The feedback between equatorial convection and local radiative and evaporative processes: The implication for intraseasonal oscillations. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 2373–2386.

Fu, X., J.-Y. Lee, P.-C. Hsu, H. Taniguchi, B. Wang, W. Wang, and S. Weaver, 2013: Multi- model MJO forecasting during DYNAMO/CINDY period. Clim. Dyn., 41, 1067–1081.

Gottschalck, J., and Coauthors, 2010: A Framework for Assessing Operational Madden–Julian Oscillation Forecasts: A CLIVAR MJO Working Group Project. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 91, 1247–1258.

Gottschalck, J., P. E. Roundy, C. J. Schreck III, A. Vintzileos, and C. Zhang, 2013: Large-Scale Atmospheric and Oceanic Conditions During the 2011-12 DYNAMO Field Campaign. Mon. Wea. Rev., 141, 4173-4196.

Haertel, P, T., G. N. Kiladis, A. Denno, and T. M. Rickenbach, 2008: Vertical-mode decompositions of 2-day waves and the Madden–Julian oscillation. J. Atmos. Sci., 65, 813–833.

Hagos, S., L. R. Leung, J. Dudhia, 2011: Thermodynamics of the MJO in a regional model with constrained moisture. J. Atmos. Sci., 68, 1974–1989.

Han, W., J. P. McCreary, D. L. T. Anderson, and A. J. Mariano, 1999: Dynamics of the eastward surface jets in the equatorial Indian Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 29, 2191–2209.

Han, W., 2005: Origins and dynamics of the 90-day and 30-60 day variations in the equatorial Indian Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 35, 708–728.

Haidvogel, D. B., H. G. Arango, K. Hedstrom, A. Beckmann, P. Malanotte-Rizzoli and A. F. Shchepetkin (2000) Model evaluation experiments in the North Atlantic Basin: Simulations in nonlinear terrain-following coordinates. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 32, 239–281.

Hendon, H. H., B. Liebmann, M. Newman, J. D. Glick, and J. Schemm, 2000: Medium range forecast errors associated with active episodes of the Madden-Julian oscillation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 69–86.

Hung, M.-P., J.-L. Lin, W. Wang, D. Kim, T. Shinoda, and S. J. Weaver, 2013: MJO and Convectively Coupled Equatorial Waves Simulated by CMIP5 Climate Models. J. Climate, 26, 6185–6214.

Jerlov, N.G., 1968: Optical Oceanography, Elsevier Oceanography Series 5.

Johnson, R. H., T. M. Rickenbach, S. A. Rutledge, P. E. Ciesielski, and W. H. Schubert, 1999: Trimodal characteristics of tropical convection, J. Climate, 12, 2397–2418.

Johnson, R. H., and P. E. Ciesielski, 2013: Structure and Properties of Madden–Julian Oscillations Deduced from DYNAMO Sounding Arrays. J. Atmos. Sci., 70, 3157–3179.

Juang, H.-M. H., and M. Kanamitsu, 1994: The NMC nested regional spectral model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 3–26.

Kalnay, E., and Coauthors, 1996: The NCEP/NCAR 40-Year Reanalysis Project. Bull. Amer. Met. Soc., 77, 437–471.

Kawaii, Y, and A. Wada, 2007: Diurnal sea surface temperature variation and its impact on the atmosphere and ocean: A review. J. Oceanogr., 63, 721–744.

Kemball-Cook, S. R., and B. C. Weare, 2001: The onset of convection in the Madden–Julian oscillation. J. Climate, 14, 780–793.

Kikuchi, K., and Y. N. Takayabu, 2004: The development of organized convection associated with the MJO during TOGA COARE IOP: Trimodal characteristics. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L10101.

Kiladis, G. N., K. H. Straub and P. T. Haertel, 2005: Zonal and vertical structure of the Madden–Julian oscillation. J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 2790–2809.

Kiranmayi, L. and E. D. Maloney, 2011: The intraseasonal moist static energy budget in reanalysis data. J. Geophys. Res., 116, D21117.

Klingaman, N. P., P. M. Inness, H. Weller, and J. M. Slingo, 2008: The Importance of High-Frequency Sea Surface Temperature Variability to the Intraseasonal Oscillation of Indian Monsoon Rainfall. J. Climate, 21, 6119–6140.

Klingaman, N. P., S. J. Woolnough, H. Weller, and J. M. Slingo, 2011: The Impact of Finer-Resolution Air–Sea Coupling on the Intraseasonal Oscillation of the Indian Monsoon. J. Climate, 24, 2451–2468.

Large, W. G., J. C. McWilliams, and S. C. Doney, 1994: Oceanic vertical mixing: a review and a model with a nonlocal boundary layer parameterization. Rev. Geophys., 32, 363–403.

Li, Y., W. Han, T. Shinoda, C. Wang, R.-C. Lien, J. N. Moum, and J.-W. Wang, 2013: Effects of the diurnal cycle in solar radiation on the tropical Indian Ocean mixed layer variability during wintertime Madden-Julian Oscillations. J. Geophys. Res. – Oceans, 118, 4945–4964.

Lin, J.-L., and Coauthors, 2006: Tropical intraseasonal variability in 14 IPCC AR4 climate models. Part I: Convective signals. J. Climate, 19, 2665–2690.

Ling, J. P. Bauer, P. Bechtold, A. Beljaars, R. Forbes, F. Vitart, M. Ulate, C. Zhang, 2014: Global versus Local MJO Forecast Skill of the ECMWF Model during DYNAMO. Mon. Wea. Rev., 142, 2228–2247.

Madden, R. A., and P. R. Julian, 1971: Detection of a 40–50 day oscillation in the zonal wind in the tropical Pacific. J. Atmos. Sci., 28, 702–708.

Madden, R. A., and P. R. Julian, 1994: Observations of the 40-50 day tropical oscillation: a review. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 814–837.

Madden, R. A., and P. R. Julian , 2005: Historical perspective. Intraseasonal Variability in the Atmosphere–Ocean Climate System, W. K.-M. Lau and D. Waliser, Eds., Springer-Praxis, 1–16.

Maloney, E. D., and A. H. Sobel, 2004: Surface fluxes and ocean coupling the tropical intraseasonal oscillation. J. Climate, 17, 4368–4386.

Maloney, E. D., 2009: The moist static energy budget of a composite tropical intraseasonal oscillation in a climate model. J. Climate, 22, 711–729.

Maloney, E. D., A. H. Sobel, and W. M. Hannah, 2010: Intraseasonal variability in an aquaplanet general circulation model. J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 2, 1-24.

Mlawer, E. J., and S. A. Clough, 1997: On the extension of RRTM to the shortwave region. In Proceedings of the Sixth Atmospheric Measurement (ARM) Science Team Meeting, CONF-9603149, pp. 223-226. U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, D.C.

Moum, J. N., S. P. de Szoeke, W. D. Smyth, J. B. Edson, H. L. DeWitt, A. J. Moulin, E. J. Thompson, C. J. Zappa, S. A. Rutledge, R. H. Johnson, and C. W. Fairall, 2013: Air-sea interactions from westerly wind bursts during the November 2011 MJO in the Indian Ocean. Bull. Amer. Meteol.. Soc., doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00225.1

Neale, R. B., J. H. Richter and M. Jochum, 2008: The impact of convection on ENSO: From a delayed oscillator to a series of events J. Climate, 21, 5904–5924.

Park, S., C. S. Bretherton, 2009: The University of Washington Shallow Convection and Moist Turbulence Schemes and Their Impact on Climate Simulations with the Community Atmosphere Model. J. Climate, 22, 3449–3469.

Putrasahan, D. A. J. Miller, and H. Seo, 2013a: Isolating Mesoscale Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions in the Kuroshio Extension Region. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans., 63, 60–78.

Ray, P., C. Zhang, J. Dudhia, and S. S. Chen, 2009: A Numerical Case Study on the Initiation of the Madden–Julian Oscillation. J. Atmos. Sci., 66, 310–331.

Ray, P., and C. Zhang, 2010: A Case Study on the Mechanisms of Extratropical Influence on the Madden-Julian Oscillation. J. Atm. Sci., 67, 515–528.

Ray, P., C. Zhang, M.W. Moncrieff, J. Dudhia, J.M. Caron, L.R. Leung, and C. Bruyere, 2011: Role of the atmospheric mean state on the initiation of the Madden-Julian Oscillation in a tropical channel model. Clim. Dyn., 36, 161–184.

Ray, P., and T. Li, 2013: Relative Roles of Circumnavigating Waves and Extratropics on the MJO and Its Relationship with the Mean State. J. Atmos. Sci., 70, 876–893.

Raymond, D. J., G. B. Raga, C. S. Bretherton, J. Molinari, C. Lopez-Carillo, and Z. Fuchs, 2003: Convective forcing in the intertropical convergence zone of the eastern Pacific. J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 2064–2082.

Schiller, A., and J. S. Godfrey, 2005: A diagnostic model of the diurnal cycle of sea surface temperature for use in coupled ocean-atmosphere models. J. Geophys. Res., 110, C11014.

Seo, H., M. Jochum, R. Murtugudde and A. J. Miller, 2006: Effect of Ocean Mesoscale Variability on the Mean State of Tropical Atlantic Climate. Geoyphs. Res. Lett., 33, L09606.

Seo, H., A. J. Miller and J. O. Roads, 2007a: The Scripps Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Regional (SCOAR) model, with applications in the eastern Pacific sector. J. Climate, 20, 381–402.

Seo, H., M. Jochum, R. Murtugudde, A. J. Miller, and J. O. Roads, 2007b: Feedback of Tropical Instability Wave – induced Atmospheric Variability onto the Ocean. J. Climate, 20, 5842–5855.

Seo, H., M. Jochum, R. Murtugudde, A. J. Miller, and J. O. Roads, 2008a: Precipitation from African Easterly Waves in a Coupled Model of the Tropical Atlantic. J. Climate, 21, 1417–1431.

Seo, H., R. Murtugudde, M. Jochum, and A. J. Miller, 2008b: Modeling of Mesoscale Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction and its Feedback to Ocean in the Western Arabian Sea. Ocean Modell., 25,120–131.

Seo, H., S.-P. Xie, R. Murtugudde, M. Jochum, and A. J. Miller, 2009: Seasonal effects of Indian Ocean freshwater forcing in a regional coupled model. J. Climate, 22, 6577–6596.

Seo, H. and S.-P. Xie, 2013: Impact of ocean warm layer thickness on the intensity of hurricane Katrina in a regional coupled model. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 122, 1, 19–32.

Shchepetkin, A. F., and J. C. McWilliams, 2005: The regional oceanic modeling system (ROMS): a split-explicit, free-surface, topography-following-coordinate ocean model. Ocean Modell., 9, 347-404.

Shinoda, T., 2005: Impact of the diurnal cycle of solar radiation on intra-seasonal SST variability in the western equatorial Pacific. J. Climate, 18, 2628–2636.

Shinoda, T., H. H. Hendon, and J. Glick, 1998: Intraseasonal variability of surface fluxes and sea surface temperature in the tropical western Pacific and Indian Oceans. J. Climate, 11, 1685–1702.

Shinoda, T., T. Jensen, M. Flatau, and S. Chen, 2013: Surface wind and upper ocean variability associated with the Madden-Julian Oscillation simulated by the coupled ocean/atmosphere mesoscale prediction system (COAMPS). Mon. Weather Rev., 141, 2290–2307.

Slingo, J., P. Inness, R. Neale, S. Woolnough, and G.-Y. Yang, 2003: Scale interactions on diurnal to seasonal timescales and their relevance to model systematic errors. Ann. Geophys., 46, 139–155.

Sobel, A. H., E. D. Maloney, G. Bellon and D. M. Frierson, 2008: The role of surface heat fluxes in tropical intra-seasonal oscillations. Nat. Geosci., 1, 653–657.

Stephens, G. L., P. J. Webster, R. H. Johnson, R. Engelen, and T. S. L’Ecuyer, 2004: Observational evidence for the mutual regulation of the tropical hydrological cycle and the tropical sea surface temperatures. J. Climate, 17, 2213–2224.

Straub, K. H., 2013: MJO Initiation in the Real-Time Multivariate MJO Index. J. Climate, 26, 1130–1151.

Subramanian, A. C., M. Jochum, A. J. Miller, R. Murtugudde, R. B. Neale and D. E. Waliser, 2011: The Madden Julian Oscillation in CCSM4. J. Climate, 24, 6261–6282.

Sui, C-H., X. Li, K-M., and Lau, D. Adamec, 1997: Multiscale Air–Sea Interactions during TOGA COARE. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 448–462.

Thayer-Calder, K., and D. A. Randall, 2009: The role of convective moistening in the Madden–Julian oscillation. J. Atmos. Sci., 66, 3297–3312.

Vitart, F., and T. Jung, 2010: Impact of the Northern Hemisphere extratropics on the skill in predicting the Madden Julian Oscillation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L23805.

Vitart, F., and F. Molteni, 2010: Simulation of the Madden–Julian Oscillation and its teleconnections in the ECMWF forecast system. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 136, 842–855.

Waliser, D. E., K. Lau, and J. H. Kim, 1999: The influence of coupled sea surface temperatures on the Madden-Julian oscillation: A model perturbation experiment. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 333–358.

Waliser, D. E., R. Murtugudde, and L. E. Lucas, 2003: Indo-Pacific Ocean response to atmospheric intraseasonal variability: 1. Austral summer and the Madden-Julian Oscillation. J. Geophys. Res., 108, 3160.
|
Webster, P. J., C. A. Clayson and J. A. Curry, 1996: Clouds, radiation and the diurnal cycle of sea surface temperature in the tropical western Pacific Ocean. J. Climate, 9, 1712–1730.

Wedi, N., and P. K. Smolarkiewicz, 2010: A nonlinear perspective on the dynamics of the MJO: Idealized large-eddy simulations. J. Atmos. Sci., 67, 1202–1217.

Weller, R. A., and S. P. Anderson, 1996: Surface meteorology and air-sea fluxes in the western equatorial Pacific warm pool during the TOGA Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment. J. Climate, 9, 1959–1990.

Wheeler M. and H. Hendon, 2004: An All-Season Real-Time Multivariate MJO Index: Development of an Index for Monitoring and Prediction. Mon. Wea. Rev., 132, 1917–1932.

Woolnough, S. J., J. M. Slingo, and B. J. Hoskins, 2000: The relationship between convection and sea surface temperature on intraseasonal time-scales, J. Climate, 13, 2086–2104.

Woolnough, S. J., J. M. Slingo, and B. J. Hoskins, 2001: The organization of tropical convection by intraseasonal sea surface temperature anomalies. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 127, 887–907.

Woolnough, S. J., F. Vitart, and M. Balmaseda, 2007: The role of the ocean in the Madden–Julian Oscillation: Implications for MJO prediction. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 133, 117–128.

Xu, W., and S. A. Rutledge, 2014: Convective Characteristics of the Madden-Julian Oscillation over the Central Indian Ocean Observed by Shipborne Radar during DYNAMO. J. Atmos. Sci., In press.

Yoneyama, K., C. Zhang, and C. N. Long, 2013: Tracking pulses of the Madden-Julian oscillation. Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc., 94, 1871–1891.

Yoon, J.-H., 1981: Effects of islands on equatorial waves. J. Geophys. Res., 86, 10 913–10 920.

Yu, L., and R. A. Weller, 2007: Objectively Analyzed air-sea heat Fluxes (OAFlux) for the global ice-free oceans. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 88, 527–539.

Zhang, C., and S. P. Anderson, 2003: Sensitivity of Intraseasonal Perturbations in SST to the Structure of the MJO. J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 2196–2207.

Zhang, C., 2005: Madden-Julian Oscillation. Rev. Geophys., 43, RG2003.

Zhang, C., M. Dong, S. Gualdi, H. H. Hendon, E. D. Maloney, A. Marshall, K. R. Sperber, and W. Wang, 2006: Simulations of the Madden-Julian Oscillation by Four Pairs of Coupled and Uncoupled Global Models. Clim. Dyn., 27, 573–592.

Zhang, C., 2014: Madden-Julian Oscillation: Bridging Weather and Climate. Bull. Amer. Meteol. Soc., 94, 1849–1870.

Zhang, G. J., and N. A. McFarlane, 1995: Sensitivity of climate simulations to the parameterization of cumulus convection in the Canadian Climate Centre general circulation model. Atmos. Ocean, 33, 407–446.

Zhou, L., R. B. Neale, M. Jochum, and R. Murtugudde, 2012: Improved Madden–Julian Oscillations with Improved Physics: The Impact of Modified Convection Parameterizations. J. Climate, 25, 1116–1136.

Ajayamohan, R. S., S. A. Rao, and T. Yamagata, 2008: Influence of Indian Ocean Dipole on poleward propagation of boreal summer intraseasonal oscillations. J. Climate, 21, 5437–5454.

Andersen, J. A., and Z. Kuang, 2012: Moist static energy budget of MJO-like disturbances in the atmosphere of a zonally symmetric aquaplanet. J. Climate, 25, 2782–2804.

Anderson, S. P., R. A. Weller, and R. Lukas, 1996: Surface buoyancy forcing and the mixed layer of the western Pacific warm pool: Observations and 1D model results. J. Climate, 9, 3056–3085.

Arnold, N. P., Z. Kuang, and E. Tziperman, 2013: Enhanced MJO-like Variability at High SST. J. Climate, 26, 988–1001.

Bauer, S., G. L. Hitchcock, and D. B. Olson, 1991: Influence of monsoonally-forced Ekman dynamics upon surface layer depth and plankton biomass distribution in the Arabian Sea. Deep-Sea Research, 38, 531–553.

Benedict, J., and D. A. Randall, 2007: Observed characteristics of the MJO relative to maximum rainfall. J. Atmos. Sci., 64, 2332–2354.

Boccaletti, G., R. Ferrari, and B. Fox-Kemper, 2007: Mixed layer instabilities and restratification. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 37, 2228-2250.

Boos, W. R. and Emanuel, K. A., 2009: Annual intensification of the Somali jet in a quasi-equilibrium framework: Observational composites. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 135, 319–335.

Bretherton, C. S., and S. Park, 2009: A New Moist Turbulence Parameterization in the Community Atmosphere Model. J. Climate, 22, 3422–3448.

Brink, K., and Coauthors, 1998. Monsoons boost biological productivity in Arabian Sea. Eos, Trans. AGU, 79(13), 165, 168-169.

Chelton, D. B, M. G. Schlax, M. H. Freilich, and R. F. Milliff, 2004: Satellite measurements reveal persistent small-scale features in ocean winds. Science, 303, 978–983.

Chelton, D. B, and S. K. Esbensen, M. G. Schlax, N. Thum, M. H. Freilich, F. J. Wentz, C. L. Gentemann, M. J. McPhaden, and P. S. Schopf, 2001: Observations of coupling between surface wind stress and sea surface temperature in the eastern tropical Pacific. J. Climate, 14, 1479-1498.

Chen F., and J. Dudhia, 2001: Coupling an advanced land-surface/hydrology model with the Penn State/NCAR MM5 modeling system. Part I: Model implementation and sensitivity. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 569–585.

Chou, M.-D., and M. J. Suarez, 1999: A solar radiation parameterization for atmospheric studies. NASA Tech. Rep. NASA/TM-1999–10460, 15, 38, NASA Goddard Space Flight Cent., Greenbelt. Md.

Cleveland, W., 1979. Robust locally weighted regression and smoothing scatterplots. J. Am. Stat. Assoc., 74, 829–836.

Dewar, W., and G. Flierl, 1987: Some effects of the wind on rings. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 17, 1653–1667.

Eden, C., and H. Dietze, 2009: Effects of mesoscale eddy/wind interactions on biological new production and eddy kinetic energy. J. Geophys. Res., 114, C05023.

Fairall, C., E. Bradley, J. Godfrey, G. Wick, J. Edson, and G. Young, 1996: Cool-skin and warm-layer effects on sea surface temperature. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 1295–1308.

Fairall, C., E. F. Bradley, J. Hare, A. Grachev, and J. Edson, 2003: Bulk parameterization of air-sea fluxes: Updates and verification for the COARE algorithm. J. Climate, 16, 571–591.

Findlater, J., 1969: A major low-level air current near the Indian Ocean during the northern summer. Q. J. R. Meteo. Soc., 95, 362-380.

Fischer, A. S., R. A. Weller, D. L. Rudnick, C. C. Eriksen, C. M. Lee, K. H. Brink, C. A. Fox and R. R. Leben, 2002: Mesoscale eddies, coastal upwelling, and the upper-ocean heat budget in the Arabian Sea. Deep-Sea Re. II, 49, 2231-2264.

Fu, X., and B. Wang, 2004: The boreal-summer intraseasonal oscillations simulated in a hybrid coupled atmosphere–ocean model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 132, 2628–2649.

Fu, X., T. Li, and J. P. McCreary, 2003: Coupling between northward-propagating, intraseasonal oscillations and sea surface temperature in the Indian Ocean. J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 1733–1753.

Fu, X., B. Wang, D. E. Waliser, L. Tao, 2007: Impact of atmosphere– ocean interaction on the predictability of monsoon intraseasonal oscillation. J. Atmos. Sci., 64, 157–174.

Fu, X., and B. Wang, T. Li, and J. P. McCreary, 2003: Coupling between northward-propagating, intraseasonal oscillations and sea surface temperature in the Indian Ocean. J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 1733–1753.

Gaube, P. D. B. Chelton, R. M. Samelson, M. G. Schlax, and L. W. O’Neill, 2015: Satellite Observations of Mesoscale Eddy-Induced Ekman Pumping. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 45, 104–132.

Goswami, B. N., and P. K. Xavier, 2003: Potential predictability and extended range prediction of Indian summer monsoon breaks. Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(18).

Haidvogel, D.B., H .G. Arango, K. Hedstrom, A. Beckmann, P. Malanotte-Rizzoli and A. F. Shchepetkin, 2000: Model evaluation experiments in the North Atlantic Basin: Simulations in nonlinear terrain-following coordinates. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 32, 239–281.

Haine, T. W. N., and J. Marshall, 1998: Gravitational, symmetric, and baroclinic instability of the ocean mixed layer. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 28, 634-658.

Waliser and Coauthors, 2009: MJO simulation diagnostics. J. Climate, 22, 3006–3030. Halpern D. and P. M. Woiceshyn, 2001: Somali Jet in the Arabian Sea, El Niño, and India Rainfall. J. Climate, 14, 434–441.

Halpern, D., Freilich, M. H. and Weller, R. A., 1998: Arabian Sea surface winds and ocean transports determined from ERS-1 scatterometer. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 7799–7806.

Han, W., J. P. McCreary, D. L. T. Anderson, and A. J. Mariano, 1999: Dynamics of the eastward surface jets in the equatorial Indian Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 29, 2191-2209.

Hong, S.-Y. and H.-L. Pan, 1996: Nonlocal Boundary Layer Vertical Diffusion in a Medium-Range Forecast Model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 124, 2322–2339.

Izumo, T., C. D. B. Montégut, J. J. Luo, S. K. Behera, S. Masson, and T. Yamagata, 2008: The Role of the Western Arabian Sea Upwelling in Indian Monsoon Rainfall Variability. J. Climate, 21, 5603–5623.

Kantha, L. H. and C. A. Clayson, 2004: The effect of surface gravity waves on mixing in an oceanic mixed layer model. Ocean Modell., 6, 101-124.

Kantha, L. H., Clayson, C. A., 1994. An improved mixed layer model for geophysical applications. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 25235–25266.

Kiladis, G. N., K. H. Straub and P. T. Haertel, 2005: Zonal and vertical structure of the Madden–Julian oscillation. J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 2790– 2809.

Krishnamurti T. N. and H. N. Bhalme, 1976. Oscillations of a monsoon system. Part I. Observational aspects. J. Atmos. Sci. 33, 1937-1954.

Large, W. G., J. C. McWilliams, and S. C. Doney, 1994: Oceanic vertical mixing: a review and a model with a nonlocal boundary layer parameterization. Rev. Geophys., 32, 363-403.

Lee, J.-Y., B. Wang, M.C. Wheeler, X. Fu, D.E. Waliser, and I.-S. Kang, 2013: Real-time multivariate indices for the boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation over the Asian summer monsoon region. Clim. Dyn., 40, 493-509.

Lucas, A. J. and Coauthors, 2014: Mixing to Monsoons: Air-Sea Interactions in the Bay of Bengal. Eos Trans. AGU, 95(30), 269.

Lukas, R., and E. Lindstrom, 1991: The mixed layer of the western equatorial Pacific. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 3343-3357.

Mafimbo, A. J., and C. J. C. Reason, 2010, Air-sea interaction over the upwelling region of the Somali coast. J. Geophys. Res., 115, C01001.

Mahadevan, A., A. Tandon and R. Ferrari, 2010. Rapid changes in mixed layer stratification driven by submesoscale instabilities and winds. J. Geophys. Res., 115, C03017.

Madden, R. A., and P. R. Julian, 1994: Observations of the 40-50 day tropical oscillation: a review. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 814-837.

Madden, R. A., and P. R. Julian , 2005: Historical perspective. Intraseasonal Variability in the Atmosphere–Ocean Climate System. W. K.-M. Lau and D. Waliser, Eds., Springer-Praxis, 1–16.

Mahadevan, A. and A. Tandon, An analysis of mechanisms for submesoscale vertical motion at ocean fronts. Ocean Modell., 14, 241–256.

Maes, C., J. Picaut, and S. Belamari, 2002: Salinity barrier layer and onset of El Niño in a Pacific coupled model. Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 2206.

Maloney, E. D., and A. H. Sobel, 2004: Surface fluxes and ocean coupling the tropical intraseasonal oscillation. J. Climate, 17, 4368–4386.

McCreary, J.P. Jr., P.K. Kundu and R.L. Molinari, 1993: A numerical investigation of dynamics, thermodynamics and mixed layer processes in the Indian Ocean. Prog. Oceanogr., 31, 181–244.

Mellor, G. L., T. Yamada, 1982: Development of a turbulence closure model for geophysical fluid problems. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys. 20, 851–875.

Mlawer, E. J., S. J. Taubman, P. D. Brown, M. J. Iacono, and S. A. Clough, 1997: Radiative transfer for inhomogeneous atmosphere: RRTM, a validated correlated-k model for the longwave. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 16,663–16,682.

Mujumdar, M., K. Salunke, S. A. Rao, M. Ravichandran, and B. N. Goswami, 2011: Diurnal cycle induced amplification of sea surface temperature intraseasonal oscillations over the Bay of Bengal in summer monsoon season. IEEE Geos. and Rem. Sens. Lett., 8, 206 – 210.

Neale, R. B., J. H. Richter and M. Jochum, 2008: The impact of convection on ENSO: From a delayed oscillator to a series of events. J. Climate, 21, 5904-5924.

O’Neill, L. D. B. Chelton, and S. K. Esbensen, 2010: The Effects of SST-Induced Surface Wind Speed and Direction Gradients on Midlatitude Surface Vorticity and Divergence. J. Climate, 23, 255–281.

Perlin, N. S. P. de Szoeke, D. B. Chelton, R. M. Samelson, E. D. Skyllingstad, and L. W. O’Neill, 2014: Modeling the Atmospheric Boundary Layer Wind Response to Mesoscale Sea Surface Temperature Perturbations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 142, 4284–4307.

Putrasahan, D., A. J. Miller, and H. Seo, 2013: Regional coupled ocean-atmosphere downscaling in the Southeast Pacific: Impacts on upwelling, mesoscale air-sea fluxes, and ocean eddies. Ocean Dynam., 63, 463-488.

Putrasahan, D., A. J. Miller, and H. Seo, 2013: Isolating Mesoscale Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions in the Kuroshio Extension Region. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 63, 60-78.

Rao, S. A., and Coauthors, 2011: Modulation of SST, SSS over northern Bay of Bengal on ISO time scale. J. Geophys. Res., 116, C09026.

Ray, P., and C. Zhang, 2010: A Case Study on the Mechanisms of Extratropical Influence on the Madden-Julian Oscillation. J. Atm. Sci., 67, 515-528.

Rudnick, D. L., R. A. Weller, C. E. Eriksen, T. D. Dickey, J. Marra, and C. Langdon, 1997: Moored instruments weather Arabian Sea Monsoons yield data. Eos, Trans. AGU, 78, 117-121.

Schlax, M., D. Chelton, M. Freilich, 2001: Sampling errors in wind fields constructed from single and tandem scatterometer datasets. J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 18, 1014–1036.

Schott, F. A., 1983: Monsoon response of the Somali Current and associated upwelling. Prog. Oceanogr., 12, 357–381.

Seo, H., A. Subramanian, A. J. Miller, and N. Cavanaugh, 2014: Coupled impacts of the diurnal cycle of sea surface temperature on the Madden-Julian Oscillation. J. Climate, 27, 8422-8443.

Seo, H., Y.-O. Kwon, and J.-J. Park, 2014: On the effect of the East/Japan Sea SST variability on the North Pacific atmospheric circulation in a regional climate model. J. Geophys. Res.- Atmospheres, 119, 418-444.

Seo, H., and J. Yang, 2013: Dynamical response of the Arctic atmospheric boundary layer process to uncertainties in sea ice. J. Geophys. Res.- Atmospheres, 118, 12383-12402.

Seo, H., and S.-P. Xie, 2013: Impact of ocean warm layer thickness on the hurricane intensity change in a regional coupled model. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 122, 19-32.

Seo, H., K. H. Brink, C. Dorman, D. Koracin, and C. Edwards, 2012: What determines the spatial pattern in summer upwelling trends on the U.S. West Coast? J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 117, C08012.

Seo, H., and S.-P. Xie, 2011: Response and Impact of Equatorial Ocean Dynamics and Tropical Instability Waves in the Tropical Atlantic under Global Warming: A regional coupled downscaling study. J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 116, C03026.

Seo, H., S.-P. Xie, R. Murtugudde, M. Jochum, and A. J. Miller, 2009: Seasonal effects of Bay of Bengal barrier layer dynamics in a regional coupled model. J. Climate, 22, 6577-6596.

Seo, H., R. Murtugudde, M. Jochum, and A. J. Miller, 2008: Modeling of Mesoscale Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction and its Feedback to Ocean in the Western Arabian Sea. Ocean Modell., 25, 120-131.

Seo, H., M. Jochum, R. Murtugudde, A. J. Miller, and J. O. Roads, 2008: Precipitation from African Easterly Waves in a Coupled Model of the Tropical Atlantic. J. Climate, 21, 1417-1431.

Seo, H., M. Jochum, R. Murtugudde, A. J. Miller, and J. O. Roads, 2007: Feedback of Tropical Instability Wave – induced Atmospheric Variability onto the Ocean. J. Climate, 20, 5842-5855.

Seo, H., A. J. Miller, and J. O. Roads, 2007: The Scripps Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Regional (SCOAR) model, with applications in the eastern Pacific sector. J. Climate, 20, 381-402.

Seo, H., M. Jochum, R. Murtugudde, and A. J. Miller, 2006: Effect of Ocean Mesoscale Variability on the Mean State of Tropical Atlantic Climate. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L09606.

Shankar, D., S. R. Shetye and P. V. Joseph, 2007: Link between convection and meridional gradient of sea surface temperature in the Bay of Bengal, J. Earth System Sciences, 116, 385-406.

Shchepetkin, A. F., and J. C. McWilliams, 2005: The regional oceanic modeling system (ROMS): a split-explicit, free-surface, topography-following-coordinate ocean model. Ocean Modell., 9, 347-404

Shetye, S.R., A. D. Gouveia, D. Shankar, S. S. C. Shenoi, P.N. Vinayachandran, D. Sundar, G.S. Michael, and G. Nampoothiri, 1996: Hydrography and circulation in the western Bay of Bengal during the northeast monsoon. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 14,011-14,025.

Shukla, J., 1975: Effect of Arabian Sea-Surface Temperature Anomaly on Indian Summer Monsoon: A Numerical Experiment with the GFDL Model. J. Atmos. Sci., 32, 503-511.

Small, R., S. de Szoeke, S.-P. Xie, L. O’Neill, H. Seo, Q. Song, P. Cornillon, M. Spall, and S. Minobe, 2008: Air-Sea Interaction over Ocean Fronts and Eddies. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 45, 274-319.

Song, Q., D. B. Chelton, S. K. Esbensen, N. Thum, L. W. O’Neill, 2009: Coupling between Sea Surface Temperature and Low-Level Winds in Mesoscale Numerical Models. J. Climate, 22, 146-164.

Spall, M. A., 2007: Effect of sea surface temperature-wind stress coupling on baroclinic instability in the ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 37, 1092-1097.

Tandon A. and C. Garrett, 1995: Geostrophic Adjustment and Restratification of a Mixed Layer with Horizontal Gradients above a Stratified Layer. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 2229–2241.

Thomas, L. N. and P. B. Rhines, 2002: Nonlinear stratified spin-up. J. Fluid Mech. 473, 211-244.
Vitart, F., and T. Jung, 2010: Impact of the Northern Hemisphere extratropics on the skill in predicting the Madden Julian Oscillation. Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L23805,

Thushara, V., and P. N. Vinayachandran, 2014: Impact of diurnal forcing on intraseasonal sea surface temperature oscillations in the Bay of Bengal. J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 119, 8221–8241

Umlauf, L., and H. Burchard, 2005: Second-order turbulence closure models for geophysical boundary layers. a review of recent work, Cont. Shelf. Res., 25, 795-827.

Vecchi, G. A. and D. E. Harrison, 2002: Monsoon Breaks and Subseasonal Sea Surface Temperature Variability in the Bay of Bengal. J. Climate, 15, 1485–1493.

Vecchi, G. A., S.-P. Xie and A. S. Fischer, 2004: Ocean–atmosphere covariability in the western Arabian Sea. J. Climate, 17, 1213–1224.

Vialard, J., and P. Delecluse, 1998: An OGCM study for the TOGA decade. Part II: Barrier-layer formation and variability. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 28, 1089-1106.

Vinayachandran, P. N., V. S. Murty, and V. Ramesh Babu, 2002: Observations of barrier layer formation in the Bay of Bengal during summer monsoon. J. Geophys. Res., 107, 8018.

Vinayachandran, P. N., C. P. Neema, S. Mathew, and R. Remya, 2012: Mechanisms of summer intraseasonal sea surface temperature oscillations in the Bay of Bengal. J. Geophys. Res., 117, C01005.

Wallace, J. M., T. P. Mitchell and C. Deser, 1989: The influence of sea surface temperature on surface wind in the eastern equatorial Pacific: Seasonal and interannual variability. J. Climate, 2, 1492–1499.

Webster, P. J., C. A. Clayson and J. A. Curry, 1996: Clouds, radiation and the diurnal cycle of sea surface temperature in the tropical western Pacific Ocean. J. Climate, 9, 1712-1730.

Webster, P. J., and C. Hoyos, 2004: Forecasting monsoon rainfall and river discharge variability on 15–30-day time scales. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 85, 1745–1765.

Weller, R. A., A. S. Fischer, D. L. Rudnick, C. C. Eriksen, T. D. Dickey, J. Marra, C. A. Fox and R. R. Leben, 2002: Moored observations of upper ocean response to the monsoon in the Arabian Sea during 1994–1995. Deep Sea Res., 49B, 2195–2230.

Wheeler, M.C., H. H. Hendon, 2004: An all-season real-time multivariate MJO index: development of an index for monitoring and prediction. Mon. Wea. Rev., 132, 1917–1932

Woolnough, S. J., F. Vitart, and M. Balmaseda, 2007: The role of the ocean in the Madden–Julian Oscillation: Implications for MJO prediction. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 133, 117–128.

Xie, S.-P., 2004: Satellite observations of cool ocean–atmosphere interaction. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 85, 195–209.

Yasunari, T., 1979: Cloudiness fluctuations associated with the northern hemisphere summer monsoon. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 57, 227–242

Journal of Climate 2010
Adler, R.F., G.J. Huffman, A. Chang, R. Ferraro, P. Xie, J. Janowiak, B. Rudolf, U. Schneider, S. Curtis, D. Bolvin, A. Gruber, J. Susskind, and P. Arkin, 2003: The Version 2 Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) Monthly Precipitation Analysis (1979-Present). J. Hydrometeor., 4, 1147-1167.

Annamalai, H., R. Murtugudde, J. Potemra, S.P. Xie, P. Liu, and B. Wang, 2003: Coupled dynamics over the Indian Ocean: Spring initiation of the zonal mode. Deep Sea Research II, 50, 2305–2330.

Annamalai, H., and R. Murtugudde, 2004: Role of the Indian Ocean in regional climate variability. In Earth Climate: The Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction, C. Wang, S.-P. Xie and J.A. Carton (eds.), AGU Geophysical Monograph, 147, 213-246.

Annamalai, H., K. Hamilton, and K.R. Sperber, 2007: South Asian Summer Monsoon and its relationship with ENSO in the IPCC AR4 simulations. J. Climate, 20,1071-1092.

Antonov, J. I., R. A. Locarnini, T. P. Boyer, A. V. Mishonov, and H. E. Garcia, 2006: World Ocean Atlas 2005, Volume 2: Salinity. S. Levitus, Ed. NOAA Atlas NESDIS 62, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 182 pp.

Behera, S. K., R. Krishnan, and T. Yamagata, 1999: Unusual ocean‐atmosphere conditions in the tropical Indian Ocean during 1994, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26(19), 3001–3004.

Bhat, G. S., and Coauthors, 2001:3 BOBMEX: The Bay of Bengal monsoon experiment. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 82, 2217-2243.

Bollasina, M., and S. Nigam, 2008: Indian Ocean SST, evaporation, and precipitation during the South Asian Summer Monsoon in IPCC-AR4 coupled simulations. Clim. Dyn., 10.1007/s00382-008-0477-4.

Breugem, W.-P., P. Chang, C. J. Jang, J. Mignot and W. Hazeleger, 2008: Barrier layers and tropical Atlantic SST biases in coupled GCMs, Tellus, 60, 885-897

da Silva, A.M., C. Young-Molling, S. Levitus, 1994: Atlas of surface marine data 1994. NOAA Atlas NESDIS 6-110, pp. 83.

de Boyer Montégut, C., G. Madec, A. S. Fischer, A. Lazar, and D. Iudicone (2004), Mixed layer depth over the global ocean: An examination of profile data and a profile-based climatology, J. Geophys. Res., 109, C12003, doi:10.1029/2004JC002378.

de Boyer Montégut, C., J. Mignot, A. Lazar, and S. Cravatte, 2007: Control of salinity on the mixed layer depth in the world ocean: 1. General description, J. Geophys. Res., 112, C06011, doi:10.1029/2006JC003953.

Durand, F., S.R. Shetye, J. Vialard, D. Shankar, S.S. C. Shenoi, C. Ethe, and G. Madec, 2004: Impact of temperature inversions on SST evolution in the southeastern Arabian Sea during the pre-summer monsoon season. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L01305.

Gadgil, S., P.V. Joseph, and N.V. Joshi, 1984: Ocean-atmosphere coupling over monsoon regions, Nature, 312, 141-143.

Gill, A., 1980: Some simple solutions for heat-induced tropical circulation. Q.J.R. Meteorol. Soc., 106, 447-462.

Godfrey, J.S., and E.J. Lindstrom, 1989: The heat budget of the equatorial west Pacific surface mixed layer, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 8007-8017.

Haidvogel, D. B., H. G. Arango, K. Hedstrom, A. Beckmann, P. Malanotte-Rizzoli, and A. F. Shchepetkin, 2000: Model evaluation experiments in the North Atlantic Basin: Simulations in nonlinear terrain-following coordinates. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 32, 239-281.

Han, W., and J.P. McCreary Jr., 2001: Modeling salinity distribution in the Indian Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 859-878.

Han, W., J.P. McCreary Jr., and K.E. Kohler, 2001: Influence of P-E and Bay-of-Bengal rivers on dynamics, thermodynamics, and mixed-layer physics in the upper Indian Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 6895-6916.

Harenduprakash, L.L., and A.K. Mitra, 1988: Vertical turbulent mass flux below the sea surface and air-sea interaction: monsoon region of the Indian Ocean, Deep Sea Res., Part I, 43(8), 1423- 1451.

Hastenrath, S., and P.J. Lamb, 1979: Climatic Atlas of the Indian Ocean. Part 2: The Oceanic Heat Budget. University of Wisconsin Press, 110 pp.

Hermes, J. C., and C. J. C. Reason, 2008: Annual cycle of the south Indian Ocean (Seychelles–Chagos) thermocline ridge in a regional ocean model. J. Geophys. Res., 113, C04035, doi:10.1029/2007JC004363.

Howden, S.D., and R. Murtugudde, 2001: Effects of river inputs into the Bay of Bengal, J. Geophys. Res., 106(C9), 19,825-19,843.

Huffman, G. J., R. F. Adler, D. T. Bolvin, G. Gu, E. J. Nelkin, K. P. Bowman, Y. Hong, E.F. Stocker, D. B. Wolff, 2007: The TRMM Multi-satellite Precipitation Analysis: Quasi-Global, Multi-Year, Combined-Sensor Precipitation Estimates at Fine Scale. J. Hydrometeor., 8, 38-55.
Izumo, T., C.d.B. Montégut, J.J. Luo, S.K. Behera, S. Masson, and T. Yamagata, 2008: The Role of the Western Arabian Sea Upwelling in Indian Monsoon Rainfall Variability. J. Climate, 21, 5603–5623.

Jochum, M. and J.T. Potemra, 2008: Sensitivity of tropical rainfall to Banda Sea diffusivity in the Community Climate System Model. J. Climate, 21, 6445-6454.

Joseph, P., V., 1990: Monsoon variability in relation to equatorial trough activity over India and west Pacific Oceans, Mausam, 41, 291-296.

Juang, H.-M.H., M. Kanamitsu, 1994: The NMC nested regional spectral model. Mon. Weather Rev., 122, 3-26.

Kanamaru, H., and M. Kanamitsu, 2007: Scale-selective bias correction in a downscaling of global analysis using a regional model. Mon. Weather Rev., 135, 334-350.

Kanamitsu, M., W. Ebisuzaki, J. Woollen, S.-K. Yang, J.J. Hnilo, M. Fiorino, G.L. Potter, 2002: NCEP-DOE AMIP-II Reanalysis (R-2). Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc., 83, 1631-1643.

Kara, A. B., P. A. Rochford, and H. E. Hurlburt, 2000: Mixed layer depth variability and barrier layer formation over the North Pacific Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 105(C7), 16,783–16,801.

Kara, A. B., P. A. Rochford, and H. E. Hurlburt, 2003: Mixed layer depth variability over the global ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 108(C3), 3079, doi:10.1029/2000JC000736.

Klein, S.A., B.J. Soden, and N.C. Lau, 1999: Remote Sea Surface Temperature Variations during ENSO: Evidence for a Tropical Atmospheric Bridge. J. Climate, 12, 917–932.

Krishnamurti, T., D. Oosterhof, and A. Mehta, 1988: Air-Sea Interaction on the Time Scale of 30 to 50 Days. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 1304-1322.

Kurian, J., and P. N. Vinayachandran, 2007: Mechanisms of formation of the Arabian Sea mini warm pool in a highresolution Ocean General Circulation Model. J. Geophys. Res., 112, C05009.

Large, W.G., J.C. McWilliams and S.C. Doney, 1994: Oceanic vertical mixing: a review and a model with a nonlocal boundary layer parameterization. Rev. Geophys., 32, 363-403.

Levitus, S., 1982: Climatological Atlas of the Word Ocean NOAA Prof. Pap., 13, 173 pp., Natl. Oceanic and Atmos. Admin., Rockville, Md.

Lin, J.-L., 2007: The double-ITCZ problem in IPCC AR4 coupled GCMs: Ocean-atmosphere feedback analysis. J. Climate, 20, 4497–4525.

Locarnini, R.A., A.V. Mishonov, J.I. Antonov, T.P. Boyer, and H.E. Garcia, 2006: World Ocean Atlas 2005, Volume 1: Temperature. S. Levitus, Ed. NOAA Atlas NESDIS 61, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 182 pp.

Lukas, R., and E. Lindstrom, 1991: The mixed layer of the western equatorial Pacific, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 3343-3357.

Masson, S., P. Delecluse, J.-P. Boulanger, and C. Menkes, 2002: A model study of the seasonal variability and formation mechanisms of the barrier layer in the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 107, 8017, doi:10.1029/2001JC000832.

Masson, S., and Coauthors, 2005: Impact of barrier layer on winter-spring warming of the South-Eastern Arabian Sea. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L07703

Mignot, J., C. de Boyer Montégut, A. Lazar, and S. Cravatte, 2007: Control of salinity on the mixed layer depth in the world ocean: 2. Tropical areas, J. Geophys. Res., 112, C10010, doi:10.1029/2006JC003954.

Murtugudde, R., and A. J. Busalacchi, 1998: Salinity effects in a tropical ocean model. J. Geophys. Res, 103, 3283-3300.

Murtugudde, R., and A. J. Busalacchi, 1999: Interannual variability of the dynamics and thermodynamics of the Indian Ocean. J. Climate, 12, 2300-2326.

Murtugudde, R., J. Beauchamp, C. McClain, M. Lewis, and A. Busalacchi, 2002: Effects of penetrative radiation on the upper tropical ocean circulation. J. Climate, 15, 470-486.

Murtugudde, R., R. Seager, and P. Thoppil, 2007: Arabian Sea response to monsoon variations. Paleoocenogr., 22, 4217, doi:10.1029/2007PA001467.

Murty, V.S.N., Y.V.B. Sarma, D.P. Rao, and C.S. Murty, 1992: Water characteristics, mixing and circulation in the Bay of Bengal during southwest monsoon, J. Mar. Res., 50, 207- 228.

Paulson, C. A., and J. J. Simpson, Irradiance measurements in the upper ocean, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 7, 952-956, 1977.

Prasad, T.G., 1977: Annual and seasonal mean buoyancy fluxes for the tropical Indian Ocean, Curr. Sci., 73(8), 667-674.

Rao, R.R., and R. Sivakumar, 1999: On the possible mechanisms of the evolution of a mini-warm pool during the pre-summer monsoon season and the genesis of the onset vortex in the south-eastern Arabian Sea, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 125, 787-809.

Rao, R.R., Sivakumar, R., 2000: Seasonal variability of near-surface thermal structure and heat budget of the mixed layer of the tropical Indian Ocean from a new global ocean temperature climatology. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 985-1015.

Rao, R.R., and R. Sivakumar, 2003: Seasonal variability of sea surface salinity and salt budget of the mixed layer of the north Indian Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 108, 3009, doi:10.1029/2001JC000907.

Reynolds, R.W., N.A. Rayner, T.M. Smith, D.C. Stokes and W. Wang, 2002: An improved in situ and satellite SST analysis for climate. J. Climate, 15, 1609-1625.

Saji, N. H., B. N. Goswani, P. N. Vinayacjandran, and T. Yamagata, 1999: A dipole mode in the tropical Indian Ocean. Nature. Nature, 401, 360-363

Saji, N.H., S.-P. Xie, and T. Yamagata, 2006: Tropical Indian Ocean variability in the IPCC 20th-century climate simulations. J. Climate, 19, 4397-441

Sanilkumar, K., N. Mohankumar, M. Joseph, R. Rao, 1994: Genesis of meteorological disturbances and thermohaline variability of the upper layers in the head of the Bay of Bengal during MONsoon Trough Boundary Layer EXperiment (MONTBLEX-90). Deep-Sea Research I, 40. No 10. 1569-1581.

Schott, F.A., J.P. McCreary Jr., 2001. The monsoon circulation of the Indian Ocean.
Prog. Oceanogr., 51, 1-123.

Seager, R., M.B. Blumenthal, and Y. Kushnir, 1995: An Advective Atmospheric Mixed Layer Model for Ocean Modeling Purposes: Global Simulation of Surface Heat Fluxes. J. Climate, 8, 1951-1964.

Sengupta, D., and M. Ravichandran, 2001: Oscillations of Bay of Bengal Sea Surface Temperature During the 1998 Summer Monsoon, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28(10), 2033-2036.

Seo, H., A.J. Miller, J.O. Roads, 2007: The Scripps Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Regional (SCOAR) model, with applications in the eastern Pacific sector. J. Climate, 20, 381-402.

Seo, H., R. Murtugudde, M. Jochum and A.J. Miller, 2008: Modeling of mesoscale coupled ocean-atmosphere interaction and its feedback to ocean in the western Arabian Sea. Ocean Modell., 25, 120-131.

Shankar, D., S.R. Shetye and P.V. Joseph, 2007: Link between convection and meridional gradient of sea surface temperature in the Bay of Bengal, J. Earth
System Sciences, 116, 385-406.

Shchepetkin, A.F., J.C. McWilliams, 2005: The regional oceanic modeling system (ROMS): a split-explicit. Free-surface, topography-following-coordinate ocean model. Ocean Modell., 9, 347-404.

Shenoi, S.S.C., D. Shankar, and S.R. Shetye, 1999: On the sea surface temperature high in the Lakshadweep Sea, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 15,703-15,712.

Shenoi, S.S.C., D. Shankar, and S. R. Shetye, 2002: Differences in heat budgets of the near-surface Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal: Implications for the summer monsoon, J. Geophys. Res., 107 (C6), 3052, doi:10.1029/2000JC000679.

Shetye, S.R., A.D. Gouveia, D. Shankar, S.S.C. Shenoi, P.N. Vinayachandran, D. Sundar, G.S. Michael, and G. Nampoothiri, 1996: Hydrography and circulation in the western Bay of Bengal during the northeast monsoon, J. Geophys. Res., 101(C6), 14,011-14,025.

Shukla, J. 1987: Interannual variability of monsoons, in Monsoons, edited by J. S. Fein and P. L. Stephens, pp. 523-548, John Wiley, New York.

Soman, M.K., and J.M. Slingo, 1997: Sensitivity of Asian summer monsoon to aspects of air-surface-temperature anomalies in the tropical Pacific, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 123, 309-336.

Sprintall, J., and M. Tomczak, 1992: Evidence of the barrier layer in the surface layer of the tropics. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 7305-7316.

Thadathil, P., and A.K. Ghosh, 1992: Surface layer temperature inversion in the Arabian Sea during winter. J. Oceanogr., 48, 293-304.

Thadathil, P., V.V. Gopalakrishna, P.M. Muraleedharan, G.V. Reddy, N. Araligidad, and S. Shenoy, 2002: Surface layer temperature inversion in the Bay of Bengal. Deep-Sea Res. I, 49, 1801-1818.

Thadathil, P., P.M. Muraleedharan, R.R. Rao, Y.K. Somayajulu, G.V. Reddy, and C. Revichandran, 2007: Observed seasonal variability of barrier layer in the Bay of Bengal. J. Geophys. Res., 112, C02009, doi:10.1029/2006JC003651.

Ueda, H., M. Ohba, and S.-P. Xie, 2009: Important factors for the development of the Asian-Northwest Pacific summer monsoon. J. Climate, in press.

Varkey, M.J., V.S.N. Murty, and A. Suryanarayana, 1996: Physical oceanography of the Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol., 34, 1-70.

Vecchi, G.A., & D.E. Harrison (2004): Interannual Indian rainfall variability and Indian Ocean sea surface temperature anomalies. In Earth Climate: The Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction, C. Wang, S.-P. Xie, and J.A. Carton (eds.), AGU, Geophysical Monograph 147, Washington D.C., 247–260

Vialard, J., and P. Delecluse, 1998: An OGCM study for the TOGA decade. Part II: Barrier-layer formation and variability. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 28, 1089-1106.

Vialard, J., J.P. Duvel, M.J. Mcphaden, P. Bouruet-Aubertot, B. Ward, E. Key, D. Bourras, R. Weller, P. Minnett, A. Weill, C. Cassou, L. Eymard, T. Fristedt, C. Basdevant, Y. Dandonneau, O. Duteil, T. Izumo, C. de Boyer Montégut, S. Masson, F. Marsac, C. Menkes, and S. Kennan, 2009: Cirene: Air—Sea Interactions in the Seychelles—Chagos Thermocline Ridge Region. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 90, 45–61.

Vinayachandran, P.N., V.S. Murty, and V. Ramesh Babu, 2002: Observations of barrier layer formation in the Bay of Bengal during summer monsoon. J. Geophys. Res., 107, 8018, doi:10.1029/2001JC000831.

Vinayachandran P. N., D. Shankar, J. Kurian, F. Durand and S. S. C. Shenoi, 2007: Arabian Sea mini warm pool and the monsoon onset vortex, Current Sci., 93(2), 203 – 214

Wang, B., Q. Ding, X. Fu, I.-S. Kang, K. Jin, J. Shukla, and F. Doblas-Reyes, 2005: Fundamental challenges in simulation and prediction of summer monsoon rainfall. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L15711, doi: 10.1029/2005GL022734 12.

Webster, P. J., A. M. Moore, J. P. Loschnigg and R. R. Leben, 1999: Coupled ocean–atmosphere dynamics in the Indian Ocean during 1997–98, Nature, 401, 356-360

Xie P., and P. A. Arkin, 1997: Global precipitation: a 17-year monthly analysis based on gauge observations, satellite estimates, and numerical model outputs. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 78, 2539-2558.

Xie, S.-P., H. Annamalai, F.A. Schott, and J.P. McCreary, 2002: Structure and mechanisms of South Indian Ocean climate variability. J. Climate, 15, 864–878.

Xie, S.-P., H. Xu, N.H. Saji, Y. Wang, and W.T. Liu, 2006: Role of Narrow Mountains in Large-Scale Organization of Asian Monsoon Convection. J. Climate, 19, 3420-3429.

Xie, P., and P.A. Arkin, 1997: Global Precipitation: A 17-Year Monthly Analysis Based on Gauge Observations, Satellite Estimates, and Numerical Model Outputs. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 78, 2539-2558.

Vecchi, G.A., & D.E. Harrison, 2004: Interannual Indian rainfall variability and Indian Ocean sea surface temperature anomalies. In Earth Climate: The Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction, C. Wang, S.-P. Xie, and J.A. Carton (eds.), AGU, Geophysical Monograph 147, Washington D.C., 247–260.

Yamagata, T., S. K. Behera, J.-J. Luo, S. Masson, M. Jury, and S. A. Rao, 2004: Coupled ocean-atmosphere variability in the tropical Indian Ocean In Earth Climate: The Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction, C. Wang, S.-P. Xie, and J.A. Carton (eds.), AGU, Geophysical Monograph 147, Washington D.C., 189–212.

Yoshimura, K., and M. Kanamitsu, 2008a: Dynamical Global Downscaling of Global Reanalysis. Mon. Wea. Rev., 136, 2983-2998.

Yu, Z., and J.P. McCreary, 2004: Assessing precipitation products in the Indian Ocean using an ocean model. J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 109, C05013

Zhou, L., and R. Murtugudde, 2008: Ocean-atmosphere coupling on different temporal and spatial scales. J. Atmos. Sci., in press.

Ocean Modelling 2008
Bauer, S., Hitchcock, G.L. and Olson, D.B (1991) Influence of monsoonally-forced Ekman dynamics upon surface layer depth and plankton biomass distribution in the Arabian Sea. Deep-Sea Research, 38, pp. 531–553.

Brown, O.B. and Bruce, J.G. and Evans, R.H. (1980) Evolution of sea surface temperature in the Somali basin during the SW Monsoon of 1979, Science, 209, pp. 595-597.

Bruce, J.G. (1970) Notes on the Somali current system during the Southwest Monsoon. J. Geophys. Res., 75, pp. 4170–4173.

Chelton, D.B. and S.K. Esbensen, M.G. Schlax, N. Thum, M. H. Freilich, F. J. Wentz, C.L. Gentemann, M. J. McPhaden and P.S. Schopf (2001) Observations of coupling between surface wind stress and sea surface temperature in the eastern tropical Pacific. J. Climate, 14, pp. 1479–1498.

Chelton, D.B. and F.J. Wentz (2005) Global Microwave Satellite Observations of Sea Surface Temperature for Numerical Weather Prediction and Climate Research. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 86, pp. 1097-1115.

Chelton, D.B., M. Schlax, M.H. Freilich and R.F. Milliff (2004) Satellite measurements reveal persistent small-scale features in ocean
winds. Science, 303, pp. 978–983.

Chelton, D.B., M.G. Schlax and R.M. Samelson (2007) Summertime Coupling between Sea Surface Temperature and Wind Stress in the California Current System. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 37, pp. 495-517.

Conkright, M.E., R.A. Locarnini, H.E. Garcia, T.D. O’Brien, T.P. Boyer, C. Stephens and J.J. Antonov (2002) World ocean atlas 2001: Objective analysis, data statistics, and figures: CD-ROM documentation. National Oceanographic Data Center Internal Rep. 17, 21 pp.

da Silva, A.M., C. Young-Molling and S. Levitus (1994) Atlas of Surface Marine Data 1994. NOAA Atlas NESDIS 6-110, pp 83.

De Boyer Montégut, C., J. Vialard, S.S.C. Shenoi, D. Shankar, F. Durand, C. Ethé and G. Madec (2007) Simulated seasonal and interannual variability of mixed layer heat budget in the northern Indian Ocean, Journal of Climate, 20, pp. 3249-3268.

Düing, W. and A. Leetmaa (1980) Arabian Sea cooling a preliminary heat budget. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 10, pp. 307– 312.

Fairall, C. W., E. F. Bradley, D. P. Rogers, J.D. Edson and G.S. Young (1996) Bulk parameterization of air-sea fluxes for Tropical Ocean-Global Atmosphere Coupled-Ocean Atmosphere Response Experiment. J. Geophys. Res., 101, pp. 3747– 3764.

Findlater, J. (1969) A major low-level air current near the Indian Ocean during the northern summer. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 95, pp. 362-380.

Fischer, A.S., R.A. Weller, D.L. Rudnick, C.C. Eriksen, C.M. Lee, K.H. Brink, C.A. Fox and R.R. Leben (2002) Mesoscale eddies, coastal upwelling, and the upper-ocean heat budget in the Arabian Sea. Deep-Sea Research II, 49, pp. 2231-2264.

Haidvogel, D.B., H.G. Arango, K. Hedstrom, A. Beckmann, P. Malanotte-Rizzoli and A.F. Shchepetkin (2000) Model evaluation experiments in the North Atlantic Basin: Simulations in nonlinear terrain-following coordinates. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 32, pp. 239–281.

Halpern, D. and P.M. Woiceshyn (1999) Onset of the Somali Jet in the Arabian Sea during June 1997. J. Geophys. Res., 104, pp. 18041-18046

Halpern, D., Freilich, M.H. and Weller, R.A. (1998) Arabian Sea surface winds and ocean transports determined from ERS-1 scatterometer. J. Geophys. Res., 103, pp. 7799–7806.

Hashizume, H., M. Fujiwara, M. Shiotani, T. Watanabe, Y. Tanimoto,W. T. Liu and K. Takeuchi (2002) Direct observations of atmospheric boundary layer response to SST variations associated with tropical instability waves over the eastern equatorial
Pacific. J. Climate, 15, pp. 3379–3393.

Hayes, S.P., M.J. McPhaden and J.M. Wallace (1989) The influence of sea surface temperature on surface wind in the eastern equatorial Pacific: Weekly to monthly variability. J. Climate, 2, pp. 1500–1506.

Hong, S.-Y. and H.-L. Pan (1996) Nonlocal boundary layer vertical diffusion in a medium-range forecast model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 124, pp. 2322–2339.

Izumo, T., C. de Boyer Montegut, J-J. Luo, S.K. Behera, S. Masson and T. Yamagata (2008) The role of the western Arabian Sea upwelling in Indian monsoon rainfall variability, J. Climate, accepted.

Jochum M., C. Deser and A. Phillips (2007) Tropical atmospheric variability forced by oceanic internal variability, J. Climate, 20, pp. 765-771.

Jochum, M. and R. Murtugudde (2006) Temperature Advection by Tropical Instability Waves. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 36, pp. 592-605.

Jochum, M. and R. Murtugudde (2005) Internal Variability of Indian Ocean SST. J. Climate, 18, pp. 3726-3738.

Juang, H.-M. H. and M. Kanamitsu (1994) The NMC nested regional spectral model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, pp. 3–26.
Kanamaru, H. and M. Kanamitsu (2007) Scale-selective bias correction in a downscaling of global analysis using a regional model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 135, pp. 334–350.

Kanamitsu, M., W. Ebisuzaki, J. Woollen, S.-K. Yang, J.J. Hnilo, M. Fiorino and G.L. Potter (2002b) NCEP–DOE AMIP-II Reanalysis (R-2). Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 83, pp. 1631–1643.

Lee, C.M., B.H. Jones, K.H. Brink and A.S. Fischer (2000) The upper-ocean response to monsoonal forcing in the Arabian Sea: seasonal and spatial variability. Deep-Sea Research II, 47, pp. 1177–1226.

Lee, D. K., P.P. Niiler, A. Warn-Varnas and S. Piacsek (1994) Wind-driven secondary circulation in ocean mesoscale. J. Marine Research, 52, pp. 371-396.

Liu, W.T., X. Xie and P.P. Niiler (2007) Ocean–Atmosphere Interaction over Agulhas Extension Meanders. J. Climate, 20, pp. 5784-5797.

Liu, W.T., X. Xie, P.S. Polito, S.-P. Xie and H. Hashizume (2000) Atmospheric manifestation of tropical instability waves observed by QuikSCAT and Tropical Rain Measuring Mission. Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, pp. 2545–2548.

Magnhnani, V., J.M. Morrizon, T.S. Hopkins, and E. Bohm (1998) Advection of upwelled waters in the form of plumes off Oman during the Southwest Monsoon. Deep-Sea Research II, 45, pp. 2027-2052.

Mahadevan, A., L.N. Thomas, and A. Tandon (2008) Comment on “Eddy/Wind Interactions Stimulate Extraordinary Mid-Ocean Plankton Blooms”. Science, 320, 448b.
Maloney, E.D. and D.B. Chelton (2006) An Assessment of the Sea Surface Temperature Influence on Surface Wind Stress in Numerical Weather Prediction and Climate Models. J. Climate, 19, pp. 2743-2762.

McCreary, J.P. Jr., P.K. Kundu and R.L. Molinari, (1993) A numerical investigation of dynamics, thermodynamics and mixed layer processes in the Indian Ocean. Progress in Oceanography, 31, pp. 181–244.

McGillicuddy Jr., D.J., and coauhros (2007). Eddy/Wind Interactions Stimulate Extraordinary Mid-Ocean Plankton Blooms. Science, 316, 1201.

Minobe, S., A. Kuwano-Yoshida, N. Komori, S.-P. Xie and R.J. Small (2008) Influence of the Gulf Stream on the troposphere. Nature, 452, pp. 206-209.
[if !supportLists](i). [endif] Molinari, R.L., D. Olson and G. Reverdin, (1990) Surface current distributions in the tropical Indian Ocean derived from compilations of surface buoy trajectories. J. Geophys. Res, 95, pp. 7217–7238.

Murtugudde, R. and A.J. Busalacchi (1999) Interannual Variability of the Dynamics and Thermodynamics of the Tropical Indian Ocean. J. Climate, 12, pp. 2300- 2326.

Murtugudde, R., J.P. McCreary and A.J. Busalacchi (2000) Oceanic processes associated with anomalous events in the Indian Ocean with relevance to 1997–1998. J. Geophys. Res., 105, pp. 3295–3306.

Murtugudde, R., R. Seager and P. Thoppil (2007) Arabian Sea response to monsoon variations. Paleoceanography, 22, PA4217, doi:10.1029/2007PA001467.

O’Neill, L.W., D.B. Chelton, S.K. Esbensen and F.J. Wentz (2005) High-resolution satellite measurements of the atmospheric boundary layer response to SST variations along the Agulhas Return Current. J. Climate, 18, pp. 2706–2723.

Pezzi, L.P., J. Vialard, K.J. Richard, C. Menkes and D. Anderson (2004) Influence of ocean-atmosphere coupling on the properties of tropical instability waves. Gephys. Res. Lett., 31, L16306.

Rao, R.R. and R. Sivakumar (2000) Seasonal variability of near-surface thermal structure and heat budget of the mixed layer of the tropical Indian Ocean from a new global ocean temperature climatology. J. Geophys. Res, 105, pp. 985–1015.

Rodwell, M.J. and B.J. Hoskins (1995) A Model of the Asian Summer Monsoon. Part II: Cross-Equatorial Flow and PV Behavior. J. Atmo. Sci., 52, pp. 1341-1356.

Schott, F.A. (1983) Monsoon response of the Somali Current and associated upwelling. Progress in Oceanography, 12, pp. 357–381.

Schott, F., J. Fischer, U. Garternicht, and D. Quadfasel (1997). Summer monsoon response of the Northern Somali Current, 1995. Gephys. Res. Lett., 24, pp. 2565–2568.

Schott, F.A. and J.P. McCreary Jr. (2001) The monsoon circulation of the Indian Ocean. Progress in Oceanography, 51, pp. 1-123.

Schott, F.A., S.-P. Xie and J.P. McCreary, Jr. (2008) Indian Ocean circulation and climate variability, revised.

Seo, H., M. Jochum, R. Murtugudde, A.J. Miller and J.O. Roads (2007b) Feedback of Tropical Instability Wave – induced Atmospheric Variability onto the Ocean. J. Climate, 20, pp. 5842-5855.

Seo, H., A.J. Miller and J.O. Roads (2007a) The Scripps Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Regional (SCOAR) model, with applications in the eastern Pacific sector. J. Climate, 20, pp. 381–402.

Seo, H., M. Jochum, R. Murtugudde, A.J. Miller and J.O. Roads (2008) Precipitation from African Easterly Waves in a Coupled Model of the Tropical Atlantic. J. Climate, 21, pp. 1417-1431.

Shchepetkin, A.F. and J.C. McWilliams (2005) The regional oceanic modeling system (ROMS): A split-explicit, free-surface, topography-following-coordinate ocean model. Ocean Modell., 9, pp. 347–404.

Shenoi, S.S. C., D. Shankar and S.R. Shetye (2002) Differences in heat budgets of the near-surface Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal: Implications for the summer monsoon. J. Geophys. Res., 107, NO. C6, 3052, 10.1029/2000JC000679.

Shukla, J. (1975) Effect of Arabian Sea-Surface Temperature Anomaly on Indian Summer Monsoon: A Numerical Experiment with the GFDL Model. J. Atmos. Sci., 32, pp. 503-511.

Small, R.J., S. de Szoeke, S.-P. Xie, L. O’Neill, H. Seo, Q. Song, P. Cornillon, M. Spall and S. Minobe (2008) Air-sea interaction over ocean fronts and eddies. Dynam. Ocean. Atmos., in press.

Straus, D.M. and V. Krishnamurthy (2007) The Preferred Structure of the Interannual Indian Monsoon Variability. Pure and Applied Geophysics. 164, pp. 1717-1732.

Swallow, J.C. and J.G. Bruce (1966) Current measurements off the Somali coast during the southwest monsoon of 1964. Deep-Sea Research, 13, pp. 861–888.

Swallow, J.C., R.L. Molinari, J.G. Bruce, O.B. Brown and R.H. Evans (1983) Development of Near-Surface Flow Pattern and Water Mass Distribution in the Somali Basin in Response to the Southwest Monsoon of 1979. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 13, pp. 1398-1415.

Thum, N., S.K. Esbensen, D.B. Chelton and M.J. McPhaden (2002) Air–sea heat exchange along the northern sea surface temperature front in the eastern tropical Pacific. J. Climate, 15, pp. 3361–3378.

Vecchi, G.A. and D.E. Harrison (2004) Interannual Indian rainfall variability and Indian Ocean sea surface temperature anomalies. In Earth Climate: The Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction, C. Wang, S.-P. Xie, and J.A. Carton (eds.), American Geophysical Union, Geophysical Monograph 147, Washington D.C., pp. 247-260.

Vecchi, G.A., S.-P. Xie and A.S. Fischer (2004) Ocean–atmosphere covariability in the western Arabian Sea. J. Climate, 17, pp. 1213–1224.

Wallace, J.M., T.P. Mitchell and C. Deser (1989) The influence of sea surface temperature on surface wind in the eastern equatorial Pacific: Seasonal and interannual variability. J. Climate, 2, pp. 1492–1499.

Weller, R.A., M.F. Baumgartner, S.A. Josey, A.S. Fischer and J.C. Kindle (1998) Atmospheric forcing in the Arabian Sea during 1994-1995: observations and comparisons with climatology and models. Deep-Sea Res. II, 45, pp. 1961-1999.

Weller, R.A., A.S. Fischer, D.L. Rudnick, C.C. Eriksen, T.D. Dickey, J. Marra, C.A. Fox and R.R. Leben (2002) Moored observations of upper ocean response to the monsoon in the Arabian Sea during 1994–1995. Deep-Sea Res., 49B, pp. 2195–2230.

White, W.B. and J.L. Annis (2003) Coupling of extratropical mesoscale eddies in the ocean to westerly winds in the atmospheric boundary layer. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 33, pp. 1095–1107.

Wirth, A., J. Willebrand and F. Schott (2002) Variability of the Great Whirl from observations and models. Deep-Sea Res., 49B, pp. 1279–1295

Xie, Q., W.Q. Wang, and Q. Mao (2002) Comparison among four kinds of data of
sea surface wind stress in the South China Sea, Acta Oceanol. Sin., 21, pp.
263– 273

Xie, S.-P., C.-H. Chang, Q. Xie and D. Wang (2007), Intraseasonal variability in the summer South China Sea: Wind jet, cold filament, and recirculations, J. Geophys. Res., 112, C10008, doi:10.1029/2007JC004238.

Xie, S.-P., T. Miyama, Y. Wang, H. Xu, S.P. de Szoeke, R.J. Small, K.J. Richards, T. Mochizuki and T. Awaji (2007) A regional ocean-atmosphere model for eastern Pacific climate: Towards reducing tropical biases. J. Climate, 20, pp. 1504-1522.

Xie, S.-P. (2004) Satellite observations of cool ocean–atmosphere interaction. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 85, pp. 195–209.

Xie, S.-P., Q. Xie, D. Wang and W.T. Liu, (2003) Summer upwelling in the South China Sea and its role in regional climate variations, J. Geophys. Res., 108(C8), 3261, doi:10.1029/2003JC001867, 2003.

Xie, S.-P., W.T. Liu, Q. Liu and M. Nonaka (2001) Far-reaching effects of the Hawaiian Islands on the Pacific ocean–atmosphere system. Science, 292, pp. 2057–2060.

Journal of Climate 2008
Albignat, J. P. and R. J. Reed, 1980: The origin of African wave disturbances during Phase III of GATE. Mon. Wea. Rev., 108, 1827-1839.

Arakawa, A., and W. H. Schubert, 1974: Interaction of a Cumulus Cloud Ensemble with Large-Scale Environment, part I. J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 674-704

Avila, L. A. and R. J. Pasch, 1992: Atlantic tropical systems of 1991. Mon. Wea. Rev.,
120, 2688-2696

Berry, G. J. and C. D. Thorncroft, 2005: Case Study of an Intense African Easterly Wave. Mon. Wea. Rev., 133, 752-766

Biasutti, M., A. H. Sobel, and Y. Kushnir, 2006: AGCM Precipitation Biases in the Tropical Atlantic. J. Climate, 19, 935-958

Burpee, R. W., 1972: The origin and structure of easterly waves in the lower troposphere of North Africa. J. Atmos. Sci., 29, 77-90

Carlson, T. N., 1969: Some remarks on African disturbances and their progress over the tropical Atlantic. Mon. Wea. Rev., 97, 716-726

Chang, P., L. Ji, and H. Li, 1997: A decadal climate variation in the tropical Atlantic ocean from thermodynamic air-sea interactions. Nature, 385,516-518

Charney, J. G., and M. E. Stern, 1962: On the stability of internal baroclinic jets in a rotating atmosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 19, 159–172

Chiang J. C. H., Kushnir, Y., and Giannini, A., 2002: Deconstructing Atlantic Intertropical Convergence Zone variability: Influence of the local cross-equatorialsea surface temperature gradient and remote forcing from the eastern equatorial Pacific. J. Geophys. Res., 107(D1), 10.1029/2000JD000307

Cook, K. H: 1999: Generation of the African Easterly Jet and Its Role in Determining West African Precipitation. J. Climate, 12, 1165-1184

Dai, A. G., and T. M. L. Wigley 2000: Global patterns of ENSO-induced precipitation. Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 1283-1286

Davey, M., and coauthors, 2002: STOIC: A study of coupled model climatology and variability in tropical ocean regions. Clim. Dynm., 18, 403-420

Enfield, D B., and D. A. Mayer, 1997: Tropical Atlantic sea surface temperature variability and its relation to El Nino-Southern Oscillation. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 929-945

Folland, C., T. Palmer, and D. Parker, 1986: Sahel rainfall and worldwide sea temperatures: 1901-85. Nature, 320, 602-606

Frank, N. L., 1970: Atlantic tropical systems of 1969. Mon. Wea. Rev., 98, 307-314

Gill, A. E., 1980: Some simple solutions for heat-induced tropical circulations. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 106, 447-462

Gu, G., R. F. Adler, G. J. Huffman, and S. Curtis, 2004: African easterly waves and their association with precipitation. J. Geophys. Res., 109, D04101

Hastenrath, S., and L. Greischar, 1993: Circulation Mechanisms Related to Northeast Brazil Rainfall Anomalies. J. Geophys. Res., 98, 5093-5102

Hastenrath, S., and L. Heller, 1977: Dynamics of Climate Hazards in Northeast Brazil. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 103, 77-92

Hsieh, J.-S. and K. H. Cook, 2005: Generation of African Easterly Wave Disturbances: Relationship to the African Easterly Jet. Mon. Wea. Rev., 133, 1311-1327

Juang, H.-M. H., S.-Y. Hong, and M. Kanamitsu, 1997: The NCEP Regional Spectral Model: An Update. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 78, No 10

Juang, H.-M. H. and M. Kanamitsu, 1994: The NMC nested regional spectral model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 3-26

Kalnay, E., and Co-authors, 1996: The NCEP/NCAR 40-Year Reanalysis Project. Bull.
Amer. Met. Soc., 77, 437-471

Kanamaru, H. and M. Kanamitsu, 2007: Scale Selective Bias Correction in a Downscaling of Global Analysis using a Regional Model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 135, 334-350

Kanamitsu, M., H. Kanamaru, Y. Cui, and H. Juang, 2005: Parallel Implementation of the Regional Spectral Atmospheric Model. CEC-500-2005-014.

Kanamitsu, M., A. Kumar, H.-M. H. Juang, W. Wang, F. Yang, J. Schemm, S.-Y. Hong, P. Peng, W. Chen, and M. Ji: 2002a: NCEP Dynamical Seasonal Forecast System 2000. Bull. Amer. Met. Soc., 83, 1019-1037

Kanamitsu, M., W. Ebisuzaki, J. Woolen, J. Potter and M. Fiorino, 2002b: NCEP/DOE AMIP-II Reanalysis (R-2). Bull. Amer. Met. Soc., 83, 1631-1643

Kilades, G. N., C. D. Thorncroft, and N. M. J. Hall, 2006: Three-Dimensional Structure and Dynamics of African Easterly Waves. Part I: Observations. J. Atmos. Sci., 63, 2212-2230,

Landsea, C. W., G. D. Bell, W. M. Gray, and S. B. Goldenberg, 1998: The extremely active 1995 Atlantic hurricane season: Environmental conditions and verification of seasonal forecast. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 1174-1193

Lindzen, R. S., and S. Nigam, 1987: On the role of sea surface temperature gradients in forcing low-level winds and convergence in the tropics. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 2418-2436

Lonfat, M., F. D. Marks, Jr., S. S. Chen, 2004: Precipitation Distribution in Tropical Cyclones Using the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager: A Global Perspective. Mon. Wea. Rev., 132, 1645-1660

Laprise, R., 1992: The resolution of global spectral models. Bull. Amer. Met. Soc., 73, 1453-1454

Mekonnen, A., C. D. Thorncroft, and A. R. Aiyyer, 2006: Analysis of Convection and Its Association with African Easterly Waves. J. Climate, 19, 5405-5421

Moorthi, S., and M. J. Suarez, 1992: Relaxed Arakawa-Schubert cumulus parameterization of moist convection for general circulation models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 978-1002

Nobre, P., and J. Shukla, 1996: Variations of sea surface temperature, wind stress and rainfall over the tropical Atlantic and South America. J. Climate, 9, 2464-2479
Palmer, T., 1986: Influence of Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans on Sahel rainfall. Nature, 322, 251-253

Pauluis, O. and S. Garner, 2006: Sensitivity of Radiative-Convective Equilibrium Simulations to Horizontal Resolution. J. Atmos. Sci., 63, 1910-1923

Payne, S. and M. M. McGarry, 1977: The relationships of satellite inferred convective activity to easterly waves over West Africa and the adjacent ocean during phase III of GATE. Mon. Wea. Rev., 105, 413-420

Peng, M. S., B. Fu, T. F. Hogan, and T. Li, 2006: On African easterly waves that impacted two tropical cyclones in 2004. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L11807

Pielke, R. A., 1991: A Recommended specific definition of “resolution”. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 72, 1914

Pytharoulis, I., and C. Thorncroft, 1999: The low-level structure of African easterly waves in 1995. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127, 2266-2280

Redelsperger, J.-L., C. D. Thorncroft, A. Diedhiou, T. Lebel, D. J. Parker, and J. Polcher, 2006: African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 87 (12), 1739-1746

Reed, R. J., D. C. Norquist, and E. E. Recker, 1977: The structure and properties of African wave disturbances as observed during Phase III of GATE. Mon. Wea. Rev., 105, 317-333

Rennick, M. A., 1976: The generation of African easterly waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 1955-1969

Saravanan, R., and P. Chang, 2000: Interaction between tropical Atlantic variability and
El Nino-Southern Oscillation. J. Climate, 13, 2177-2194

Seo, H., A. J. Miller, and J. O. Roads, 2007: The Scripps Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Regional (SCOAR) model, with Applications in the Eastern Pacific Sector. J. Climate, 20, No. 3, 381–402

Seo, H., M. Jochum, R. Murtugudde, and A. J. Miller, 2006: Effect of Ocean Mesoscale Variability on the Mean State of Tropical Atlantic Climate. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L09606, doi:10.1029/2005GL025651

Shchepetkin, A. F., and J. C. McWilliams, 2005: The regional oceanic modeling system (ROMS): a split-explicit, free-surface, topography-following-coordinate ocean model. Ocean Modell., 9, 347-404

Thorncroft, C. D., D. J. Parker, R. R. Burton, M. Diop, J. H. Ayers, H. Bariat, S. Devereau, A. Diongue, R. Dumelow, D. R. Kindred, N. M. Price, M. Saloum, C. M. Tayor, and A. M. Tompkins, 2003: The Jet2000 Project – Aircraft Observations of the African Easterly Jet and African Easterly Waves. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 84 (3), 337-351

Thorncroft, C. D. and K. Hodges, 2001: African Easterly Wave Variability and Its Relationship to Atlantic Tropical Cyclone Activity. J. Climate, 14, 1166-1179
WCRP, 2000: CLIVAR Africa implementation plan. Informal Rep. 5/2000 ICPO Publication Series 35, 35 pp.

Xie, P. and P. A. Arkin, 1997: Global precipitation: A 17-year monthly analysis based on gauge observations, satellite estimates, and numerical model outputs. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 78, 2539-2558

Xie, S.-P. and J. A. Carton, 2004: Tropical Atlantic variability: Patterns, mechanisms, and impacts, “ In Earth Climate: The Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction, C. Wang, S.-P. Xie and J.A. Carton (eds.), Geophysical Monograph, 147, AGU, Washington D.C., 121-142

Zebiak, S. E., 1993: Air-sea interaction in the equatorial Atlantic region. J. Climate, 6, 1567-1586

Journal of Climate 2007b
Baturin, N. G., and P. P. Niiler, 1997: Effects of instability waves in the mixed layer of the equatorial Pacific. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 27771-27794

Brandt, P., F. A. Schott, C. Provost, A. Kartavtesff, V. Hormann, B. Bourlès, J. Fischer, 2006: Circulations in the central equatorial Atlantic: Mean and Intraseasonal to seasonal variability. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L07609, doi: 10.1029/2005GL025498

Bryden, H. L., and E. C. Brady, 1989: Eddy momentum and heat fluxes and their effect on the circulation of the equatorial Pacific Ocean. J. Mar. Res., 47, 55-79

Cox, M. D., 1980: Generation and propagation of 30-day waves in a numerical model of the Pacific. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 10, 1168-1186

Chelton, D. B., and M. H. Freilich, 2005: Scatterometer-Based Assessment of 10-m Wind Analysis from the Operational ECMWF and NCEP Numerical Weather Prediction
Models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 133, 409-429

Chelton, D. B., M. G. Schlax, M. H. Freilich, and R. F. Milliff, 2004: Satellite measurements reveal persistent small-scale features in ocean winds. Science, 303, 978–983

Chelton, D. B., and S. K. Esbensen, M. G. Schlax, N. Thum, M. H. Freilich, F. J. Wentz, C. L. Gentemann, M. J. McPhaden, and P. S. Schopf, 2001: Observations of coupling between surface wind stress and sea surface temperature in the eastern tropical Pacific. J. Climate, 14, 1479-1498

Conkright, M. E., R. A. Locarnini, H. E. Garcia, T. D. O’Brien, T. P. Boyer, C. Stephens, J. J. Antonov, 2002: World Ocean Atlas 2001: Objective Analysis, Data Statistics, and Figure, CD-ROM Documentation. National Oceanographic Data Center, Silver Spring, MD, 17pp

Cronin, M. F., S.-P. Xie, and H. Hashizume, 2003: Barometric pressure variations associated with eastern Pacific tropical instability waves. J. Climate, 16, 3050- 3057

da Silva, A., Young, C., Levitus, S., 1994: Atlas of Surface Marine Data 1994. NOAA Atlas NESDIS 6-110, US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, pp. 1-5

Dawe, J. T., and L. Thompson, 2006: Effect of ocean surface current on wind stress, heat flux, and wind power input to the ocean. Geophys. Res. Lett., VOL. 33, L09604.

Deser, C., J. J. Bates, and S. Wahl, 1993: The influence of sea surface temperature gradients on stratiform cloudiness along the equatorial front in the Pacific Ocean. J. Climate, 6, 1172–1180

Düing, W., P. Hisard, E. Katz, J. Knauss, J, Meincke, L. Miller, K. Moroshkin, G.
Philander, A. Rybnikov, K. Voigt, R. Weisberg, 1975: Meanders and long waves in the equatorial Atlantic. Nature, 257, 280-284

Eady, E. T., 1949: Long Waves and Cyclone Waves, Tellus, 1, 33-52
Fairall, C. W., E. F. Bradley, D. P. Rogers, J. D. Edson, and G. S. Young, 1996: Bulk parameterization of air-sea fluxes for Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled-Ocean Atmosphere Response Experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 15, 3747-3764

Hansen, D. and C. A. Paul, 1984: Genesis and effects of long waves in the equatorial Pacific. J. Geophys. Res., 89, 10431-10440

Hashizume, H., S.-P., Xie, W. T. Liu, and K. Takeuchi, 2001: Local and remote atmospheric response to tropical instability waves: A global view from space. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 10173-10185

Hayes, S. P., M. J. McPhaden, and J. M. Wallace, 1989: The Influence of Sea Surface Temperature on Surface Wind in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific: Weekly to Monthly Variability. J. Climate, 2, 1500-1506

Jochum, M., M. F. Cronin, W. S. Kessler, and D. Shea, 2007: Observed temperature advection by Tropical Instability Waves. Geophys. Res. Lett., in press

Jochum, M., and R. Murtugudde, 2006: Temperature Advection by Tropical Instability Waves. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 36, 592-605

Jochum, M., P. Malanotte-Rizzoli, and A. Busalacchi, 2004: Tropical Instability Waves in the Atlantic Ocean. Ocean. Modell., 7, 145-163

Johns, W. E., T. N. Lee, R. C. Beardsley, J. Candela, R. Limeburner, B. Castro, 1998: Annual cycle and variability of the North Brazil Current. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 28(1), 103-128

Juang, H.-M. H., S.-Y. Hong, and M. Kanamitsu, 1997: The NCEP Regional Spectral Model: An Update. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 78, No 10

Juang, H.-M. H. and M. Kanamitsu, 1994: The NMC nested regional spectral model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 3-26

Kalnay, E., and Co-authors, 1996: The NCEP/NCAR 40-Year Reanalysis Project. Bull. Amer. Met. Soc., 77, 437-471

Kanamaru, H. and M. Kanamitsu, 2007: Scale Selective Bias Correction in a Downscaling of Global Analysis using a Regional Model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 135, 334-350

Kanamitsu, M., H. Kanamaru, Y. Cui, and H. Juang, 2005: Parallel Implementation of the Regional Spectral Atmospheric Model. CEC-500-2005-014

Kanamitsu, M., W. Ebisuzaki, J. Woolen, J. Potter and M. Fiorino, 2002b: NCEP/DOE AMIP-II Reanalysis (R-2), Bull. Amer. Met. Soc., 83, 1631-1643

Kelly, K. A., S. Dickinson, M. J. McPhaden, and G. C. Johnson, 2001: Ocean Currents Evident in Satellite Wind Data. Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, NO. 12, 2469-2472

Legeckis, R., W. Pichel, and G. Nesterczuk, 1983: Equatorial Long Waves in Geostationary Satellite Observations and in a Multichannel Sea Surface Temperature Analysis. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 64, 133-139

Legeckis, R., 1977: Long waves in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific Ocean: A View from a Geostationary Satellite. Science, 197, 1177-1181

Lindzen, R. S., and S. Nigam, 1987: On the role of sea surface temperature gradients in forcing low-level winds and convergence in the tropics. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 2418–2436

Liu, W. T., X. Xie, P. S. Polito, S.-P. Xie, and H. Hashizume, 2000: Atmospheric manifestation of tropical instability waves observed by QuikSCAT and Tropical Rain Measuring Mission. Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 2545–2548

Liu, W., K. B. Katsaros, and J. Businger, 1976: Bulk Parameterization of Air-Sea Exchange of Heat and Water Vapor Including the Molecular Constraints at the Interface. J. Atmos. Res., 36, 1722-1735.

Luo, J-J., S. Masson, E. Roeckner, G. Madec, T. Yamagata, 2005: Reducing Climatology Bias in an Ocean-Atmosphere CGCM with Improved Coupling Physics. J. Climate, 18, 2344-2360

Masina, S., S. Philander, A. Bush, 1999: An analysis of tropical instability waves in a numerical model of the Pacific Ocean-2. Generation and energetics of the waves. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 29613-29635

Pacanowski, R. C., 1987: Effect of Equatorial Currents on Surface Stress. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 17, 833-838

Pezzi, L. P., J. Vialard, K. J. Richard, C. Menkes, and D. Anderson, 2004: Influence of ocean-atmosphere coupling on the properties of tropical instability waves. Gephys. Res. Lett., 31, L16306

Philander, S. G. H., 1976: Instabilities of zonal equatorial currents. J. Geophys. Res., 81, 3725-3735

Philander, S. G. H., 1978: Instabilities of zonal equatorial currents, 2. J. Geophys. Res.,
83, 3679-3682

Polito, P. S., J. P. Ryan, W. T. Liu, and F. P. Chavez, 2001: Oceanic And Atmospheric Anomalies of Tropical Instability Waves. Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 2233-2236

Proehl, H., 1996: Linear instability of equatorial zonal flows. J. Phys. Oceangr., 26, 601-621

Qiao, L., and R. H. Weisberg, 1995: Tropical Instability Wave Kinematics: Observations from the Tropical Instability Wave Experiment (TIWE). J. Phys. Oceanogr., 100, 8677-8693

Shchepetkin, A. F., and J. C. McWilliams, 2005: The regional oceanic modeling system (ROMS): a split-explicit, free-surface, topography-following-coordinate ocean model. Ocean Modell., 9, 347-404

Schott, F. A., M. Dengler, P. Brandt, K. Affler, J. Fischer, B. Bourlès, Y. Gouriou, R. L. Molinari, M. Rhein, 2003: The zonal currents and transports at 35°W in the tropical Atlantic. Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, NO. 7, 1349, doi:10.1029/2002GL016849

Seo, H., A. J. Miller, and J. O. Roads, 2007: The Scripps Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Regional (SCOAR) model, with Applications in the Eastern Pacific Sector. J. Climate, 20, 381-402

Seo, H., M. Jochum, R. Murtugudde, and A. J. Miller, 2006: Effect of Ocean Mesoscale Variability on the Mean State of Tropical Atlantic Climate. Geophys. Res. Lett. 33, L09606, doi:10.1029/2005GL025651

Small, R. J., S.-P. Xie, and Y. Wang, 2003: Numerical Simulation of Atmospheric Response to Pacific Tropical Instability Waves. J. Climate, 16, 3723–3741

Spall, M. A. Effect of sea surface temperature / wind stress coupling on baroclinic instability in the ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., in press

Thum, N., S. K. Esbensen, D. B. Chelton, and M. J. McPhaden, 2002: Air-sea heat exchange along the northern sea surface temperature front in the eastern tropical Pacific. J. Climate, 15, 3361-3378

Wallace, J. M., T. P. Mitchell, and C. Deser, 1989: The influence of sea surface temperature on surface wind in the eastern equatorial Pacific: Seasonal and interannual variability. J. Climate, 2, 1492–1499

Weisberg, R. H., and T. J. Weingartner, 1988: Instability waves in the Equatorial Atlantic Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 18, 1641-1657

Weisberg, R. H., 1984: Instability waves observed on the equator in the Atlantic Ocean during 1983. Geophys. Res. Lett., 11, 753-756

Xie, S.-P., 2004: Satellite observations of cool ocean–atmosphere interaction. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 85, 195–209

Yu and Liu, 2003: A linear relationship between ENSO intensity and tropical instability
wave activity in the eastern Pacific Ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol. 30, No. 14, 1735, doi: 10.1029/2003GL017176

Yu, Z., J. P. McCreary Jr., J. A. Proehl, 1995: Meridional asymmetry and energetics of tropical instability waves. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 2997-300

Zhang, G. J., and M. J. McPhaden, 1995: The relationship between sea surface temperature and latent heat flux in the equatorial Pacific. J. Climate, 8, 589-605

Journal of Climate 2007a

Aldrian, E., D. V. Sein, D. Jacob, L. D. Gates, and R. Podzun, 2005: Modeling Indonesian rainfall with a coupled regional model. Clim. Dynm., 25, 1-17

Allen, J. S., 1980: Models of wind-driven currents on the continental shelf. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 12, 389-433

Arakawa, A., and W. H. Schubert, 1974: Interaction of a Cumulus Cloud Ensemble with the Large-Scale Environment, Part I. J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 674-701

Bao, J.-W., J. M. Wilczak, J.-K. Choi, and L. H. Kantha, 2000: Numerical Simulations of Air-Sea Interactions under High Wind Conditions Using a Coupled Model: A Study of Hurricane Development. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 2190-2210

Baturin, N. G., and P. P. Niiler, 1997: Effects of instability waves in the mixed layer of the equatorial Pacific. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 27771-27794

Behringer, D., L. Regier, and H. Stommel, 1979: Thermal feedback on wind-stress as a contributing cause of the Gulf Stream. J. Mar. Res., 37, 699-709

Bender, M. A. and I. Ginis, 2000: Real-case simulations of hurricane-ocean interaction using a high-resolution coupled model: Effects on hurricane intensity. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 917-946

Bye, J. A. T., 1986: Momentum exchange at the sea surface by wind stress and understress. Quart. J. R. Met. Soc., 112, 501-510

Castelao, R. M., T. P. Mavor, J. A. Barth, and L. C. Breaker, 2006: Sea-surface temperature fronts in the California Current System from geostationary satellite observations. J. Geophys. Res.-Ocean, submitted

Chelton, D. B., M. G. Schlax, and R. M. Samelson, 2006: Summertime Influence of Sea Surface Temperature on the Wind Stress Field Over the California Current. J. Phys. Oceanogr., accepted pending minor revisions

Chelton, D. B., and F. J. Wentz, 2005: Global microwave satellite observations of sea-surface temperature for numerical weather prediction and climate research. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 86, 1097-1115

Chelton, D. B., 2005: The Impact of SST Specification on ECMWF Surface Wind Stress Fields in the Eastern Tropical Pacific. J. Climate, 18, 530–550

Chelton, D. B., and M. H. Freilich, 2005: Scatterometer-based assessment of 10-m wind analyses from the operational ECMWF and NCEP numerical weather prediction models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 133, 409-429

Chelton, D. B, M. G. Schlax, M. H. Freilich, and R. F. Milliff, 2004: Satellite measurements reveal persistent small-scale features in ocean winds. Science, 303, 978–983

Chelton, D. B, M. H. Freilich, and S. N. Esbensen, 2000a: Satellite observations of the wind jets off the Pacific coast of Central America. Part I: Case studies and statistical characteristics. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 1993–2018

Chelton, D. B, M. H. Freilich, and S. N. Esbensen, 2000b: Satellite observations of the wind jets off the Pacific coast of Central America. Part II: Regional Relationships and Dynamic Considerations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 2019-2043

Chelton, D. B., F. J. Wentz, C. L. Gentemann, R. A. de Szoeke, and M. G. Schlax, 2000c: Satellite Microwave SST Observations of Transequatorial Tropical Instability Waves. Geophys. Res. Lett., 9, 1239-1242

Chen, S. S., W. Zhao, M. A. Donelan, J. F. Price, E. J. Walsh, T. B. Sanford, and H. L. Tolman, 2006: Fully coupled atmosphere-wave-ocean modeling for hurricane research and prediction: Results from CBLAST-Hurricane. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., submitted

Cornillon, P. and K.-A. Park, 2001: Warm core ring velocities inferred from NSCAT. Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 575-578

Cox, M. D., 1980: Generation and propagation of 30-day waves in a numerical model of the Pacific. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 10, 1168-1186

Cronin, M. F., N. A. Bond, C. Fairall, J. Hare, M. J. McPhaden, and R. A. Weller, 2002: Enhanced oceanic and atmospheric monitoring underway in eastern Pacific. Eos, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, 83, 210-211

Dawe, J. T. and L. Thompson, 2006: The effect of ocean surface currents on wind stress, heat flux, and wind power input to the ocean. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, No. 9, L09604 10.1029/2006GL025784

Deser, C., J. J. Bates, and S. Wahl, 1993: The influence of sea surface temperature gradients on stratiform cloudiness along the equatorial front in the Pacific Ocean. J. Climate, 6, 1172–1180

de Szoeke, S. P., C. S. Bretherton, N. A. Bond, M. F. Cronin, and B. M. Morley, 2005: EPIC 95°W Observations of the Eastern Pacific Atmospheric Boundary Layer from the Cold Tongue to the ITCZ. J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 426-442

de Szoeke, S. P., and C. S. Bretherton, 2004: Quasi-Lagrangian Large Eddy Simulations of Cross-Equatorial Flow in the East Pacific Atmospheric Boundary Layer. J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 1837-1858

Di Lorenzo, E., 2003: Seasonal dynamics of the surface circulation in the Southern California Current System. Deep-Sea. Res. II, 50, 2371-2388

Di Lorenzo, E., A. J. Miller, N. Schneider, and J. C. McWilliams, 2005: The warming of the California Current System: Dynamics and ecosystem implications. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 35 (3), 336-362

Döscher, R., U. Willén, C. Jones, A. Rutgersson, H.E.M. Meier, U. Hansson, and L. P. Graham, 2002: The development of the regional coupled ocean-atmosphere model RCAO. Boreal Env. Res., 7, 183-192

Duhaut, T. H. A., and D. N. Straub, 2006: Wind stress dependence on ocean surface velocity: implications for mechanical energy input to ocean circulation. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 36, 202–211

Fairall, C. W., E. F. Bradley, D. P. Rogers, J. B. Edson, and G. S. Young, 1996: Bulk parameterization of air-sea fluxes for Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled-Ocean Atmosphere Response Experiment. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 3747-3764

Fiedler, P. C., 2002: The annual cycle and biological effects of the Costal Rica Dome. Deep-Sea Res., 49A, 321-338

Fiedler, P. C., 1994: Seasonal and interannual variability of coastal zone color scanner phytoplankton pigments and winds in the eastern tropical Pacific. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 18371-18384
Gustafsson, N, L. Nyberg, and A. Omstedt, 1998: Coupling of a High-Resolution Atmospheric Model and an Ocean Model for the Baltic Sea. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 2822-2846

Haack, T., S. D. Burk, and R. M. Hodur, 2005: U.S. West Coast Surface Heat Fluxes, Wind Stress, and Wind Stress Curl from a Mesoscale Model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 133, 3202-3216

Hagedorn, R., A. Lehmann, and D. Jacob, 2000: A coupled high resolution atmosphere-ocean model for the BALTEX region. Meteorol. Z., 9, 7-20

Hansen, D. and C. A. Paul, 1984: Genesis and effects of long waves in the equatorial Pacific. J. Geophys. Res., 89, 10431-10440

Hashizume, H., S.-P., Xie, W. T. Liu, and K. Takeuchi, 2001: Local and remote atmospheric response to tropical instability waves: A global view from space. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 10173-10185

Hickey, B. M., 1979: The California Current System-Hypothesis and facts. Progress in Oceanography, 8, 191-279

Hong, S.-Y., and H.-L. Pan, 1996: Nonlocal Boundary Layer Vertical Diffusion in a Medium-Range Forecast Model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 124, 2322-2339

Huang, B., P. S. Schopf, and J. Shukla, 2004: Intrinsic Ocean-Atmosphere Variability of the Tropical Atlantic Ocean. J. Climate, 17, 2058-2077

Hurd, W. E., 1929a: Fog in the Gulf of Tehuantepec, November 1929. Mon. Wea. Rev., 57, 485-485
Hurd, W. E., 1929b: Northers of the Gulf of Tehuantepec. Mon. Wea. Rev., 57, 192-194
Jochum, M. and R. Murtugudde, 2006: Temperature Advection by Tropical Instability Waves. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 36, 592-605

Juang, H.-M. H. and M. Kanamitsu, 1994: The NMC nested regional spectral model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 3-26

Juang, H.-M. H., S.-Y. Hong, and M. Kanamitsu, 1997: The NCEP Regional Spectral Model: An Update. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 78, No 10

Kanamitsu, M., W. Ebisuzaki, J. Woolen, J. Potter, and M. Fiorino, 2002a: NCEP-DOE AMIP-II Reanalysis (R-2). Bull. Amer. Met. Soc. 83, 1631-1643

Kanamitsu, M., A. Kumar, H.-M. H. Juang, J.-K. Schemm, W. Wang, F. Yang, S.-Y. Hong, P. Peng, W. Chen, S. Moorthi, and M. Ji, 2002b: NCEP Dynamical Seasonal x orecast System 2000. Bull. Amer. Met. Soc., 83, 1019-1037

Kelly, K. A., S. Dickinson, M. J. McPhaden, and G. C. Johnson, 2001: Ocean Currents Evident in Satellite Wind Data. Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 2469-2472

Kessler, W. S., G. C. Johnson, and D. W. Moore, 2003: Sverdrup and nonlinear dynamics of the Pacific Equatorial Currents. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 33, 994-1008

Kessler, W. S., 2002: Mean Three-Dimensional Circulation in the Northeast Tropical Pacific. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 32, 2457-2471

Large, W. G., J. C. McWilliams, S. C. Doney, 1994: Oceanic vertical mixing: a review and a model with a nonlocal boundary layer parameterization. Rev. Geophys., 32 (4), 363-404

Legeckis, R., 1977: Long waves in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific Ocean: A View from a Geostationary Satellite. Science, 197, 1177-1181

Levitus, S., and T. P. Boyer, 1994a: Temperature, Vol. 4, World Ocean Atlas 1994. NOAA Atlas NESDIS 4, 117pp

Levitus, S., and Burgette, and T. P. Boyer, 1994b: Salinity. Vol. 3, World Ocean Atlas 1994. NOAA Atlas NESDIS 3, 99pp

Li, Y., and H. Xue, 2002: Air-sea interactions during the passage of a winter storm over the Gulf Stream: A three-dimensional coupled atmosphere-ocean model study. J. Geophys. Res., 107, NO. C11, 3200, doi:10.1029/2001JC001161

Liu, W. T, X. Xie, P. S. Polito, S. P. Xie, and H. Hashizume, 2000: Atmospheric manifestation of tropical instability waves observed by QuikSCAT and Tropical Rain Measuring Mission. Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 2545–2548

Loglisci, N., M. W. Qian, N. Rachev, C. Cassardo, A. Longhetto, R. Purini, P. Trivero, S. Ferrarese, and C. Giraud, 2004: Development of an atmosphere-ocean coupled model and its application over the Adriatic Sea during a severe weather event of Bora wind. J. Geophys. Res., 109, D01102, doi:10.1029/2003JD003956

Luo, J.-J., S. Masson, E. Roeckner, G. Madec, and T. Yamagata, 2005 : Reducing Climatology Bias in an Ocean-Atmosphere CGCM with Improved Coupling Physics. J. Climate, 18 (13), 2344-2360

Lynn R. J., and J. J. Simpson, 1987: The California Current system: The seasonal variability of its physical characteristics. J. Geophys. Res., 92, 12947-12966

Marchesiello, P., J. C. McWilliams, and A. Shchepetkin, 2001: Open boundary conditions for long-term integration of regional oceanic models. Ocean Modell., 3, 1-20

Marchesiello, P., J. C. McWilliams, and A. Shchepetkin, 2003: Equilibrium structure and dynamics of the California Current System. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 33(4), 753-783

McCreary, J. P., Jr., H. S. Lee, and D. B. Enfield, 1989: The response of the coastal ocean to strong offshore winds: With application to circulations in the Gulfs of Tehuantepec and Papagayo. J. Mar. Res., 47, 81-109

Mikolajewicz, U., D. V. Sein, D. Jacob, T. Konigk, R. Pozdun, and T. Semmler, 2005: Simulating Arctic sea ice variability with a coupled regional atmosphere-ocean-sea ice model. Meteorol. Z., 14, 793-800

Moore, A. M., H. G. Arango, E. Di Lorenzo, D. B. Cornuelle, A. J. Miller, and D. J. Nielson, 2004: A comprehensive ocean prediction and analysis system based on the tangent linear and adjoint of a regional ocean model. Ocean Modell., 7, 227-258

Moorthi, S., and M. J. Suarez, 1992: Relaxed Arakawa-Schubert. A Parameterization of Moist Convection for General Circulation Models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 978-1002

Nonaka, M., and S.-P. Xie, 2003: Covariations of sea surface temperature and wind over the Kurishio and its extension: Evidence for ocean-to-atmosphere feedback. J. Climate, 16, 1404-1413

O’Neill, L. W., D. B. Chelton, and S. K. Esbensen, and F. J. Wentz, 2005: High-Resolution Satellite Measurements of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer Response to SST Variations along Agulhas Return Current. J. Climate, 18, 2706-2723

Overland, J. E., and B. A. Walter Jr., 1981: Gap winds in the Strait of Juan de Fuca. Mon.
Wea. Rev., 109, 2221-2233

Palacios, D. M., and S. J. Bograd, 2005: A census of Tehuantepec and Papagayo eddies in the northeastern tropical Pacific, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L23606

Park, K.-A., P. Cornillon, and D. L. Codiga, 2006: Modification of surface winds near ocean fronts: Effects of Gulf Stream rings on scatterometer (QuikSCAT, NSCAT) wind observations. J. Geophys. Res., 111, C03021, doi:10.1029/2005JC003016
Parmenter, F. C., 1970: A “Tehuantepecer.”. Mon. Wea. Rev., 98, 497

Perlin, N., R. M. Samelson, and D. B. Chelton, 2004: Scattermoter and model wind and wind stress in the Oregon-Northern California coastal zone. Mon. Wea. Rev., 132, 2110-2129

Perrie, W., X. Ren, W. Zhang, and Z. Long, 2004: Simulation of extratropical Hurricane Gustav using a coupled atmosphere-ocean-sea spray model. Geo. Res. Lett., 31, L03110, doi: 10.1029/2003GL018571

Pezzi, L. P., J. Vialard, K. J. Richard, C. Menkes, and D. Anderson, 2004: Influence of ocean-atmosphere coupling on the properties of tropical instability waves. Gephys. Res. Lett., 31, L16306

Philander, S. G. H., 1976: Instabilities of zonal equatorial currents. J. Geophys. Res., 81, 3725-3735

Philander, S. G. H., 1978: Instabilities of zonal equatorial currents, 2. J. Geophys. Res., 83, 3679-3682

Pickett, M. H. and J. D. Paduan, 2003: Ekman transport and pumping in the California Current based on the U.S. Navy’s high-resolution atmospheric model (COAMPS). J. Geophys. Res., 108, NO. C10, 3327

Powers, J. G. and M. T. Stoelinga, 2000: A Coupled Air-Sea Mesoscale Model: Experiments in Atmospheric Sensitivity to Marine Roughness. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 208-228

Pullen J., J. D. Doyle, and R. P. Signell, 2006: Two-Way Air-Sea Coupling: A Study of the Adriatic. Mon. Wea. Rev., 134, 1465-1483

Qiao, L., and R. H. Weisberg, 1998: Tropical Instability Waves Energetics: Observations from the Tropical Instability Wave Experiment. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 28, 345-360

Raymond, D. J., S. K. Esbensen, M. Gregg, and C. S. Bretherton, 2004: EPIC 2001 and the coupled ocean-atmosphere system of the tropical east Pacific. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 85, 1341-1354

Ren, X., and Y. Qian, 2005: A coupled regional air-sea model, its performances and climate drift in simulation of the east Asian summer monsoon in 1998. Int. J. Climatol., 25, 679-692

Roads, J. O., S.-C. Chen, and M. Kanamitsu, 2003: U.S. regional climate simulations and seasonal forecasts. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108(D16), 8606

Roden, G. I., 1961: On the wind-driven circulation in the Gulf of Tehuantepec and its effect upon surface temperatures. Geofis. Int. 1, 55-72

Sakamoto, T. T., A. Sumi, S. Emori, T. Nishimura, H. Hasumi, T. Suzuki, and M. Kimoto, 2004: Far-reaching effects on the Hawaiian Islands in the CCSR/NIES/FRCGC high-resolution climate model. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L17212

Schrum, C., U. Hübner, D. Jacob, and R. Podzun, 2003: A coupled atmosphere/ice/ocean model for the North Sea and Baltic Sea. Clim. Dynm., 21,131-141

Schultz, D. M., W. E. Bracken, L. F. Bosart, G. J. Hakim, M. A. Bedrick, M. J. Dickinson, and K. R. Tyle, 1997: The 1993 Superstorm Cold Surge: Frontal Structure, Gap Flow, and Tropical Impact. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 5-39

Shchepetkin, A. F., and J. C. McWilliams, 2005: The regional oceanic modeling system (ROMS): a split-explicit, free-surface, topography-following-coordinate ocean model. Ocean Modell., 9, 347-404

Small, R. J., S.-P. Xie, Y. Wang, S. K. Esbensen, and D. Vickers, 2005: Numerical Simulation of Boundary Layer Structure and Cross-Equatorial Flow in the Eastern Pacific. J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 1812-1830

Small, R. J., S.-P. Xie, and Y. Wang, 2003: Numerical Simulation of Atmospheric Response to Pacific Tropical Instability Waves. J. Climate, 16, 3723–3741

Steenburgh, W. J., D. M. Schultz, and B. A. Colle, 1998: The Structure and Evolution of Gap Outflow over the Gulf of Tehuantepec, Mexico. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 2673- 2691

Stumpf, H. G., and R. V. Legeckis, 1977: Satellite Observations of Mesoscale Eddy Dynamics in the Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 7(5), 648 – 658

Stumpf, H. G., 1975: Satellite detection of upwelling in the Gulf of Tehuantepec, Mexico. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 5, 383-388

Strub, P. T., and C. James, 2000: Altimeter-derived variability of surface velocities in the California Current System: 2. Seasonal circulation and eddy statistics. Deep-Sea Research II, 47(4), 831-870

Sweet, W., R. Fett, J. Kerling, and P. La Violette, 1981: Air-sea interaction effects in the lower troposphere across the north wall of the Gulf Stream. Mon. Wea. Rev., 109, 1042-1052

Thum, N., S. K. Esbensen, D. B. Chelton, and M. J. McPhaden, 2002: Air-sea heat exchange along the northern sea surface temperature front in the eastern tropical Pacific. J. Climate, 15, 3361-3378

Trasviña, A., E. D. Barton, J. Brown, H. S. Velez, P. M. Kosro, and R. L. Smith, 1995: Offshore wind forcing in the Gulf of Tehuantepec, Mexico: the asymmetric circulation. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 20649-20663

Vecchi, G. A., S.-P. Xie, and A. S. Fischer, 2004: Ocean-Atmosphere Covariability in the Western Arabian Sea. J. Climate, 17, 1213-1224

Wentz, F. J., and T. Meissner, 2000: Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD), version 2. AMSR-E Ocean Algorithm, Remote Sensing Systems Tech. Rep. RSS 121599A-1, 55 pp

dWentz, F. J., C. Gentemann, D. Smith, and D. Chelton, 2000: Satellite Measurement of Sea Surface Temperature Through Clouds. Science, 288, 847-850
Wilkin, J. L., H. G. Arango, D. B. Haidvogel, C. S. Lichtenwalner, S. M. Glenn, and K. S. Hedström, 2005: A Regional Ocean Modeling System for the Long-term Ecosystem Observatory. J. Geophys. Res., 110, C06S91

Xie, S.-P., H. Xu, W. S. Kessler, M. Nonaka, 2005: Air-Sea Interaction over the Eastern Pacific Warm Pool: Gap Winds, Thermocline Dome, and Atmospheric Convection. J. Climate, 18, 5-20

Xie, S.-P., 2004: Satellite observations of cool ocean–atmosphere interaction. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 85, 195–209

Xie, S.-P., W. T. Liu, Q. Liu, and M. Nonaka, 2001: Far-reaching effects of the Hawaiian Islands on the Pacific ocean-atmosphere system. Science, 292, 2057-2060

Yu, Z., J. P. McCreary Jr., J. A. Proehl, 1995: Meridional asymmetry and energetics of
tropical instability waves. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 2997-300

Zhang, G. J., and M. J. McPhaden, 1995: The relationship between sea surface temperature and latent heat flux in the equatorial Pacific. J. Climate, 8, 589-605

GRL 2006:
Seo, H., M. Jochum, R. Murtugudde and A. J. Miller, 2006: Effect of Ocean Mesoscale Variability on the Mean State of Tropical Atlantic Climate. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L09606,doi:10.1029/2005GL25651

Arakawa, A., and W. H. Schubert, 1974: Interaction of a cumulus ensemble with large-scale environment Part I, J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 674-704

Chelton, D. B, and Coauthors, 2001: Observations of coupling between surface wind stress and sea surface temperature in the eastern tropical Pacific, J. Climate, 14, 17877-17904

Chiang J. C. H., Kushnir, Y., and Giannini, A., 2002: Deconstructing Atlantic Intertropical Convergence Zone variability: Influence of the local cross-equatorial sea surface temperature gradient and remote forcing from the eastern equatorial Pacific, J. Geophys. Res., 107

da Silva, A., Young, C., Levitus, S., 1994: Atlas of Surface Marine Data 1994. NOAA Atlas NESDIS 6-110, US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, pp. 1-5

Davey, M., and coauthors, 2002: STOIC: A study of coupled model climatology and variability in tropical ocean regions. Clim. Dynm., 18, 403-420

Fairall, C. W., E. F. Bradley, D. P. Rogers, J. D. Edson, and G. S. Young, 1996: Bulk parameterization of air-sea fluxes for Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled-Ocean Atmosphere Response Experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 15, 3747-3764

Hashizume, H., S.-P. Xie, W. T. Liu, and K. Takeuchi, 2001: Local and remote atmospheric response to tropical instability waves: A global view from space, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 10173-10185

Huang, B., P. S. Schopf, and J. Shukla, 2004: Intrinsic Ocean-Atmosphere Variability of the Tropical Atlantic Ocean, J. Climate, 17, 2058-2077

Jochum, M., Murtugudde, R., Ferrari, R., Malanotte-Rizzoli, P., 2005: The impact of the horizontal resolution on the Equatorial Mixed Layer Heat Budget in Ocean General Circulation Models, J. Climate, 18, 841-851

Jochum, M., Murtugudde, R., Manlanotte-Rizzoli, P., and Busalachi, A., 2004: Internal Variability of the Tropical Atlantic Ocean, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., 147, 181-187

Kanamitsu, M., W. Ebisuzaki, J. Woolen, J. Potter and M. Fiorino, 2002a: NCEP/DOE AMIP-II Reanalysis (R-2), Bull. Amer. Met. Soc., 83, 1631-1643

Kanamitsu, M., A. Kumar, H.-M. H. Juang, W. Wang, F. Yang, J. Schemm, S.-Y. Hong, P. Peng, W. Chen and M. Ji, 2002b: NCEP Dynamical Seasonal Forecast System 2000, Bull. Amer. Met. Soc., 83, 1019-1037

Large, M. W., McWilliams, J. C., Doney, S. C., 1994: Oceanic vertical mixing- a review and a model with a nonlocal boundary-layer parameterization, Rev. Geophys., 32(4), 363-403

Lindzen, R. S, and Nigam S, 1987: On the role of sea surface temperature gradients in forcing low-level winds and convergence in the tropics, J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 2418–2436

Nobre, P., and J. Shukla, 1996: Variations of sea surface temperature, wind stress and rainfall over the tropical Atlantic and South America, J. Climate, 9, 2464-2479

Mechoso, C., and coauthors, 1995: The seasonal cycle over the tropical Pacific in general circulation model, Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 2825-2838

Moorthi, S., and M. J. Suarez, 1992: Relaxed Arakawa-Schubert cumulus parameterization of moist convection for general circulation models, Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 978-1002

Seo, H., A. J. Miller, J. O. Roads, 2006: The Scripps Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Regional (SCOAR) Model, with Applications in the Eastern Pacific Sector, J. Climate, submitted

Shchepetkin, A. F., and J. C., McWilliams, 2005: The regional oceanic modeling system (ROMS): A split-explicit, free-surface, topography-following-coordinate ocean model, Ocean Modell., 9, 347-404

Small, R. J., S-P. Xie, Y. Wang, 2003: Numerical Simulation of Atmospheric Response to Pacific Tropical Instability Waves, J. Climate, 16, 3723-3741

Ward, M. N., and C. K. Folland, 1991: Prediction of seasonal rainfall in the north Nordeste of Brazil using eigenvectors of sea-surface temperature, Int. J. Climatol., 11, 711-743

Xie, S.-P., 2004: The shape of continents, air-sea interaction, and the rising branch of the Hadley circulation. The Hadley Circulation: Past, Present and Future, J. F. Diaz and R. S. Bradely. Eds. Springer-Kluwer Academic, 2005

Xie, P., and P. A. Arkin, 1997: Global Precipitation: A 17-year monthly analysis based on gauge observations, satellite estimates, and numerical model outputs, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 78, No. 11, pp. 2539-2558

[if gte mso 9]> Hyodae Seo Hyodae Seo 2 95 2013-11-13T02:48:00Z 2013-11-13T02:48:00Z 4 25798 147053 WHOI 1225 345 172506 14.0 0 0 false false false EN-US JA X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:”Table Normal”; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:””; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:”Times New Roman”; mso-fareast-language:JA;} Schubert, L. Takacs, G.-K. Kim, S. Bloom, J. Chen, D. Collins, A. Conaty, A. da Silva, W. Gu, J. Joiner, R. D. Koster, R. Lucchesi, A. Molod, T. Owens, S. Pawson, P. Pegion, C. R. Redder, R. Reichle, F. R. Robertson, A. G. Ruddick, M. Sienkiewicz, J. Woollen, 2011: MERRA—NASA’s Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications. J. Climate, 24, 3624–3648.

Reimnitz, E., and D. K. Maure, 1979: Eolian sand deflation—A cause for gravel barrier islands in Arctic Alaska? Geology, 7, 507–510.

Reynolds, R. W., T. M. Smith, C. Liu, D. B. Chelton, K. S. Casey, and M. G. Schlax, 2007: Daily High- Resolution-Blended Analyses for Sea Surface Temperature. J. Climate, 20, 5473–5496.

Saha S, S. Moorthi, H.-L. Pan, X. Wu, J. Wang, S. Nadiga, P. Tripp, R. Kistler, J. Woollen, D. Behringer, H. Liu, D. Stokes, R. Grumbine, G. Gayno, Y.-T. Hou, H.-Y. Chuang, H-M. H. Juang, J. Sela, M. Iredell, R. Treadon, D. Kleist, P. van Delst, D. Keyser, J. Derber, M. Ek, J. Meng, H. Wei, R. Yang, S. Lord, H. van den Dool, A. Kumar, W. Wang, C. Long, M. Chelliah, Y. Xue, B. Huang, J.-K. Schemm, W. Ebisuzaki, R. Lin, P. Xie, M. Chen, S. Zhou, W. Higgins, C.-Z. Zou, Q. Liu, Y. Chen, Y. Han, L. Cucurull, R. W. Reynolds, R. Rutledge, and M. Goldberg, 2010: The NCEP Climate Forecast System Reanalysis. Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc., 91, 1015–1057.

Schafer P. J., 1966: Computation of a storm surge at Barrow, Alaska. Archives for Meteorology, Geophysics, and Bioclimatology, Series A 15, 372–393.

Schultz, D. M., J. M. Sienkiewicz, 2013: Using frontogenesis to identify sting jets in extratropical cyclones. Weather Forecast, 28, 603–613.

Schweiger, A., R. Lindsay, J. L. Zhang, M. Steele, H. Stern, and R. Kwok, 2011: Uncertainty in modeled Arctic sea ice volume. J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 116, C00D06.

Screen, J. A., and I Simmonds, 2010: The central role of diminishing ice in recent Arctic temperature amplification. Nature, 464, 1334–1337.

Seidov, D., J. I. Antonov, K. M. Arzayus, O. K. Baranova, M. Biddle, T. P. Boyer, D. R. Johnson, A. V. Mishonov, C. Paver and M. M. Zweng, 2015: Oceanography North of 60N from World Ocean Database. Prog. Oceanogr., 132, 153–173.

Seo, H., and J. Yang, 2013: Dynamical response of the Arctic atmospheric boundary layer process to uncertainties in sea-ice concentration. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmospheres, 118, 12,383–12,402.

Seo, H., Y.-O. Kwon, J.-J. Park, 2014: On the effect of the East/Japan Sea SST variability on the North Pacific atmospheric circulation in a regional climate model. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmospheres, 119, 418–444.

Seo, H., Y.-O. Kwon, T. M. Joyce, and C. C. Ummenhofer, 2017: On the predominant nonlinear response of the extratropical atmosphere to meridional shift of the Gulf Stream. J. Climate, 30, 9679-9702.

Serreze, M. and J. Kahl, 1997: NCEP/NCAR arctic marine rawinsonde archive. Boulder, CO: National Snow and Ice Data Center. Digital media.

Skamarock, W. C., and Coauthors, 2008: A Description of the Advanced Research WRF Version 3. NCAR Technical Note NCAR/TN-475+STR, doi:10.5065/D68S4MVH.

Smagorinsky, J. 1963: General Circulation Experiments with the Primitive Equations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 91, 99.

Smirnova, J. E., P. A. Golubkin, L. P. Bobylev, E. V. Zabolotskikh, and B. Chapron, 2015: Polar low climatology over the Nordic and Barents seas based on satellite passive microwave data. Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 5603–5609.

Sorteberg, A. and J. E. Walsh, 2007: Seasonal cyclone variability at 70°N and its impact on moisture transport into the Arctic. Tellus, 60A, 570–586.

Spreen, G., R. Kwok, and D. Menemenlis, 2011: Trends in Arctic ice drift and role of wind forcing: 1992–2009. Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L19501.

Steele, M., R. Morley, and W. Ermold, 2001: PHC: a global ocean hydrography with a high quality Arctic Ocean. J. Climate, 14, 2079–2087.

SWAN Team. 2006a: SWAN Cycle III version 40.51 Technical documentation. Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Environmental Fluid Mechanics Section, P.O. Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands.

SWAN Team. 2006b: SWAN Cycle III version 40.51 user manual. Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Environmental Fluid Mechanics Section, P.O. Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands.

Taylor, K.E., 2001: Summarizing multiple aspects of model performance in a single diagram. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 7183–7192

Terenzi J., M. T. Jorgenson, and C. R. Ely, 2014: Storm-surge flooding on the Yukon-Kuskokwim delta, Alaska. Arctic, 67, 360-374.

Thomson, J., S. Ackley, F. Girard-Ardhuin, F. Ardhuin, A. Babanin, G. Boutin, J. Brozena , S. Cheng, C. Collins, M. Doble, C. Fairall, P. Guest, C. Gebhardt, J. Gemmrich, H. C. Graber, B. Holt, S. Lehner, B. Lund, M. H. Meylan, T. Maksym, F. Montiel, W. Pierre, O. Persson, L. Rainville, W. E. Rogers, H. Shen, H. Shen, V. Squire, S. Stammerjohn, J. Stopa, M. M. Smith, P. Sutherland, and P. Wadhams, 2018: Overview of the Arctic Sea state and boundary layer physics program. J. Geophys. Res.- Oceans, 123, 8674–8687.

Tilinina, N., S. K. Gulev, and D. H. Bromwich, 2014: New view of Arctic cyclone activity from the Arctic system reanalysis. Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 1766–1772.

Timmermans, M.-L., Toole, J., Krishfield, R. and Winsor, P., 2007: Ice-Tethered Profiler observations of the double-diffusive staircase in the Canada Basin thermocline. J. Geophys. Res., 113, C00A02.

Timmermans, M.-L., J. Francis, A. Proshutinsky, and L. Hamilton, 2009: Taking Stock of Arctic Sea Ice and Climate. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 90, 1351-1353.

Timmermans, M.-L., L. Rainville, L. Thomas and A. Proshutinsky, 2010: Moored observations of bottom-intensified motions in the deep Canada Basin, Arctic Ocean. J. Mar. Res., 68, 625–641.

Timmermans, M.-L., A. Proshutinsky, R. A. Krishfield, D. K. Perovich, J. A. Richter-Menge, T. P. Stanton, and J. M. Toole, 2011: Surface freshening in the Arctic Ocean’s Eurasian Basin: An apparent consequence of recent change in the wind-driven circulation. J. Geophys. Res., 116, C00D03.

Tjernström, M., M. Shupe, I. Brooks, P. Achtert, J. Prytherch, and J. Sedlar, 2019: Arctic summer air-mass transformation, surface inversions and the surface energy budget. J. Climate, 32, 769–789.

Toole, J.M., M.-L. Timmermans, D. K. Perovich, R. A. Krishfield, A. Proshutinsky, and J.A. Richter- Menge, 2010: Influences of the Ocean Surface Mixed Layer and Thermohaline Stratification on Arctic Sea Ice in the Central Canada Basin. J. Geophys. Res., 115, C10018.

Tschudi, M., W. N. Meier, J. S. Stewart, C. Fowler, and J. Maslanik. 2019. Polar Pathfinder Daily 25 km EASE-Grid Sea Ice Motion Vectors, Version 4. Boulder, Colorado USA. NASA National Snow and Ice Data Center Distributed Active Archive Center. doi: https://doi.org/10.5067/INAWUWO7QH7B. [May 2019].

Ummenhofer, C. C., H. Seo, Y-O. Kwon, R. Parfitt, S. Brands, and T. M. Joyce, 2017: Emerging European winter precipitation pattern linked toatmospheric circulation changes over the North Atlantic region in recent decades. Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 8557–8566.

Valkonen, T., T. Vihma, and M. Doble, 2008: Mesoscale modeling of the atmosphere over Antarctic sea ice: A late-autumn case study, Mon. Weather Rev., 136, 1457–1474.

Walter, B. A., and J. E. Overland, 1991:Aircraft observations of the mean and turbulent structure of the atmospheric boundary layer during spring in the central Arctic. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 4663–4673.

Waseda, T., A. Webb, K. Sato, J. Inoue, A. Kohout, B. Penrose, and S. Penrose, 2018: Correlated increase of high ocean waves and winds in the ice-free waters of the Arctic Ocean. Sci. Rep., 8, 4489.

Whitefield, J., P. Winsor, J. McClelland, and D. Menemenlis, 2015: A new river discharge and river temperature climatology data set for the pan-Arctic region. Ocean Modelling, 88, 1–15.

Wicks A. J. and D. E. Atkinson, 2017, Identification and classification of storm surge events at Red Dog Dock, Alaska, 2004–2014. Natural Hazards, 86, 2, 877-900.

Wilson, A. B., D. H. Bromwich, K. M. Hines, 2011: Evaluation of Polar WRF forecasts on the Arctic System domain: Surface and upper air analysis. J. Geophys. Res., 116, D11112.

Wilson, A. B., D. H. Bromwich, K. M. Hines, 2012: Evaluation of Polar WRF forecasts on the Arctic System Reanalysis domain. 2. Atmospheric hydrologic cycle. J. Geophys. Res., 17, D04107.

Wise, J. L., A. L. Comiskey and D. Becker, Jr., 1981: Storm surge climatology and forecasting in Alaska, 26 pp., Arctic Environ. Inform. and Data Center, Univ. of Alas., Anchorage.

WMO Sea-ice nomenclature no. 259, vol. 1—Terminology and codes, 2015, UNESCO/IOC Project Office for IODE Oostende, Belgium.
https://www.jcomm.info/index.php?option=com_oe&task=viewDocumentRecord&docID=14598

Yang, J., 2009: Seasonal and interannual variability of downwelling in the Beaufort Sea. J. Geophys. Res., 114, C00A14.

Yang, J., and J. C. Comiso, 2007: An unexpected seasonal variability of salinity in the Beaufort Sea upper layer in 1996–1998. J. Geophys. Res., 112, C05034.

Zhang, X., J. E. Walsh, J. Zhang, U. S. Bhatt, and M. Ikeda, 2004: Climatology and interannual variability of Arctic cyclone activity: 1948–2002. J. Climate, 17, 2300–2317.

Zhang, K., Y. Li, H. Liu, J. Rhome, and C. Forbes, 2013: Transition of the coastal and estuarine storm tide model to an operational storm surge forecast model: A case study of the Florida coast. Wea. Forecasting, 28, 1019–1037.

Zhang, X., J. Zhang, J. Krieger, M. Shulski, F. Liu, S. Stegall, W. Tao, J. You, W. Baule, and B. Potter, 2013: Beaufort and Chukchi Seas Mesoscale Meteorology Modeling Study, Final Report. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Alaska OCS Region, Anchorage, AK. OCS Study BOEM 2013-0119. 204 pp.

Zhang, Y., C. Chen, R. C. Beardsley, G. Gao, Z. Lai, B. Curry, C. M. Lee, H. Lin, J. Qi, and Q. Xu, 2016a: Studies of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago water transport and its relationship to basin-local forcings:
Results from AO-FVCOM. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 121, 4392–4415.

Zhang, Y., C. Chen, R. C. Beardsley, G. Gao, J. Qi, H. Lin. 2016b. Seasonal and interannual variability of the Arctic sea ice: A comparison between AO-FVCOM and observations. J. Geophys. Res- Oceans. 10.1002/2016JC011841, 31.

Zhang, J., S. T. Stegall, and X. Zhang, 2018: Wind–sea surface temperature–sea ice relationship in the Chukchi–Beaufort Seas during autumn. Environ. Res. Lett., 13, 034008.

2019 NOAA CVP Kwon
Alexander, M. A., 2010: Extratropical Air-Sea Interaction, SST Variability and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). Climate Dynamics: Why does Climate Vary, Editors D. Sun and F. Bryan, AGU Monograph #189, Washington D. C., 123-148.
Alexander, M. A., I. Blade, M. Newman, J. R. Lanzante, N.-C. Lau, and J. D. Scott, 2002: The Atmospheric Bridge: the Influence of ENSO Teleconnections on Air-Sea Interaction Over the Global Oceans. J. Climate , 15, 2205-2231.
Alexander, M. A., N.-C. Lau, and J. D. Scott, 2004: Broadening the atmospheric bridge paradigm: ENSO teleconnections to the North Pacific in summer and to the tropical west Pacific- Indian Oceans over the seasonal cycle. Earth Climate: The Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction. , eds. C. Wang, S.-P. Xie and J. Carton. AGU Monograph. pp. 85-104.
Alexander M. A., K. H. Kilbourne, J. A. Nye, 2014: Climate variability during warm and cold phases of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) 1871-2008. J. Mar. Sys., 133, 14-26.
Alexander, M.A., J.D. Scott, K.D. Friedland, K.E. Mills, J.A. Nye, A.J. Pershing, and A.C. Thomas, 2018: Projected sea surface temperatures over the 21st century: Changes in the mean, variability and extremes for large marine ecosystem regions of Northern Oceans. Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene, 6(1):9, DOI: http://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.191.
Alexander, M. A., S. Shin, J. D. Scott, E. Curchitser, and C. Stock, 2019: The Response of the Northwest Atlantic Ocean to Climate Change J. Climate , accepted.
Athanasiadis, P., S. Yeager, Y.-O. Kwon, A. Bellucci, D.W. Smith, and S. Tibaldi, 2019: Decadal predictability of North Atlantic blocking and the NAO. npj Climate and Atmospheric Science, Submitted.
Caesar, L., S. Rahmstorf, A. Robinson, G. Feulner, and V.S. Saba, 2018: Observed fingerprint of a weakening Atlantic Ocean overturning circulation. Nature, 556, 191-196.
Carton, J. A., and B. S. Giese, 2008: A reanalysis of ocean climate using Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA). Mon. Wea. Rev., 136, 2999-3017.
Chassignet, E. P., H. E. Hurlburt, O. M. Smedstad, G. R. Halliwell, P. J. Hogan, A. J. Wallcraft, R. Baraille, and R. Bleck, 2006: The HYCOM (HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model) data assimilative system, J. Mar. Syst., 65, 60–83.
Chapman, D. C., and R. C. Beardsley, 1989: On the Origin of Shelf Water in the Middle Atlantic Bight. J. Phys. Oceanogr, 19, 384–391.
Chen, K., and R. He, 2010: Numerical Investigation of the Middle Atlantic Bight Shelfbreak Frontal Circulation Using a High-Resolution Ocean Hindcast Model. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 40, 949–964.
Chen, K., and R. He, 2015: Mean circulation in the coastal ocean off northeastern North America from a regional-scale ocean model. Ocean Sci., 11, 503–517.
Chen, K. and Y.-O. Kwon, 2018: Does Pacific Variability Influence the Northwest Atlantic Shelf Temperature? J. Geophys. Res., 123. https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JC013414.
Chen, K., G. G. Gawarkiewicz, S. J. Lentz, and J. M. Bane, 2014a: Diagnosing the warming of the Northeastern U.S. Coastal Ocean in 2012: A linkage between the atmospheric jet stream variability and ocean response. J. Geophys. Res., 119, 218–227, doi:10.1002/2013JC009393.
Chen, K., R. He, B. S. Powell, G. G. Gawarkiewicz, A. M. Moore, and H. G. Arango, 2014b: Data assimilative modeling investigation of Gulf Stream Warm Core Ring interaction with continental shelf and slope circulation. J. Geophys. Res., 119, 5968–5991.
Chen, K., G. Gawarkiewicz, Y.-O. Kwon, and W. G. Zhang, 2015: The role of atmospheric forcing versus ocean advection during the extreme warming of the Northeast U.S. continental shelf in 2012. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 120, 4324–4339, doi:10.1002/2014JC010547.
Chen, K., Y.-O. Kwon, and G. Gawarkiewicz, 2016: Interannual variability of winter-spring temperature in the Middle Atlantic Bight: Relative contributions of atmospheric and oceanic processes. J. Geophys. Res., 121, 4209–4227, doi:10.1002/2016JC011646.
Chen, Z., Y.-O. Kwon, K. Chen, P. Fratantoni, G. Gawarkiewicz, and T.J. Joyce: Long-term SST Variability on the Northwest Atlantic Continental Shelf and Slope. Geophys. Res. Lett., Submitted.
Danabasoglu, G. and Coauthors, 2016. North Atlantic simulations in Coordinated Ocean-ice Reference Experiments phase II (CORE-II). Part II: Inter-annual to decadal variability. Ocean Model., 97, 65–90. doi:10.1016/j.ocemod.2015.11.007
Davis, X. J., T.M. Joyce, and Y.-O. Kwon, 2017: Prediction of silver hake distribution on the Northeast U.S. shelf based on the Gulf Stream path index. Cont. Shelf Res., 138, 51-64, doi:10.1016/j.csr.2017.03.003.
Delworth, T. L., and co-authors, 2006: GFDL’s CM2 Global Coupled Climate Models. Part I: Formulation and Simulation Characteristics. J. Climate, 19, DOI:10.1175/JCLI3629.1.
Delworth, T. L., F. Zeng, G. A. Vecchi, X. Yang, L. Zhang, and R. Zhang, 2016: The North Atlantic Oscillation as a driver of rapid climate change in the Northern Hemisphere. Nature Geosci, 9, 509–512, doi:10.1038/ngeo2738.
Ecosystem Assessment Program. 2012. Ecosystem Status Report for the Northeast Shelf Large Marine Ecosystem-2011. Page 32 in US Department of Commerce Northeast Fisheries Science Center, editor. National Marine Fisheries Service Reference Document 12-07, Available from 166 Water Street, Woods Hole, MA 02543 or http://www.nefsc.noaa.gov/nefsc/publications/.
Fairall, C.W., E.F. Bradley, D.P. Rogers, J.B. Edson, and G.S. Young, 1996: Bulk parameterization of air-sea fluxes for TOGA COARE. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 3747-3767.
Fairall, C. W., E. F. Bradley, J. E. Hare, A. A. Grachev, and J. B. Edson, 2003: Bulk parameterization of air-sea fluxes: Updates and verification for the COARE algorithm. J. Clim., 16, 571-591.
Frankignoul, C., G. Gastineau, and Y.-O. Kwon, 2015: Wintertime atmospheric response to North Atlantic ocean circulation variability in a climate model. J. Climate, 28, 7659-7677, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0007.1.
Frankignoul, C., G. Gastineau, and Y.-O. Kwon, 2017: Estimation of the SST response to anthropogenic and external forcing, and its impact on the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. J. Climate, 30, 9871-9895, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-17-0009.1.
Fratantoni, P. S., and R. S. Pickart, 2007: The Western North Atlantic Shelfbreak Current System in Summer. J. Phys. Oceanogr, 37, 2509–2533, doi:10.1175/JPO3123.1.
Good, S. A., M. J. Martin, and N. A. Rayner, 2013: EN4: Quality controlled ocean temperature and salinity profiles and monthly objective analyses with uncertainty estimates. J. Geophys. Res., 118, 6704-6716.
Greene, C.H., and A.J. Pershing, 2008: Climate-driven changes in Arctic Ocean outflow force ecosystem regime shift in NW Atlantic. Science, 315, 1084-1085.
Griffies, S. M., et al., 2015: Impacts on ocean heat from transient mesoscale eddies in a hierarchy of climate models, J. Climate, 28, 952–977, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-14-00353.1.
Hare J. A., W. E. Morrison, M. W. Nelson, M. M. Stachura, E. J. Teeters, R. B. Griffis, M. A. Alexander, J. D. Scott, et al., 2016: A Vulnerability Assessment of Fish and Invertebrates to Climate Change on the Northeast U.S. Continental Shelf. PLoS ONE 11: e0146756. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0146756
He, R, K. Chen, K. Fennel, G. Gawarkiewicz, D. McGillicuddy, 2011: Seasonal and Interannual Variability of Physical and Biological Dynamics at the Shelfbreak Front of the Middle Atlantic Bight: Nutrient Supply Mechanisms. Biogeosciences, doi:10.5194/bg-8-2935-2011.
Hervieux, G., M. A. Alexander, C.A. Stock, M. G. Jacox, K. Pegion, E. Becker, F. Castruccio, and D Tommasi, 2017: More reliable coastal SST forecasts from the North American multimodel ensemble Climate Dynamics, DOI 10.1007/s00382-017-3652-7.
Hersbach, H., and Coauthors, 2019: Global reanalysis: goodbye ERA-Interim, hello ERA5. ECMWF, doi:10.21957/vf291hehd7. https://www.ecmwf.int/node/19027.
Hirahara, S., M. Ishii, and Y. Fukuda, 2014: Centennial-scale sea surface temperature analysis and its uncertainty. J. Climate, 27, 57-75.Joyce, T. M., and R. Zhang, 2010: On the Path of the Gulf Stream and the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. J. Climate, 23, 3146–3154.
Huang, B., and Coauthors, 2017: NOAA Extended Reconstructed Sea Surface Temperature (ERSST), Version 5. [indicate subset used]. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5T72FNM
Ishii, M., M. Kimoto, and M. Kachi, 2003: Historical Ocean Subsurface Temperature Analysis with Error Estimates. Mon. Wea. Rev., 131, 51–73.
Jacox, M. G., M. A. Alexander, C.A. Stock, and G. Hervieux, 2017: On the skill of seasonal sea surface temperature forecasts in the California Current System and its connection to ENSO variability. Climate Dynamics, DOI 10.1007/s00382-017-3608-y.
Jacox, M. G., et al. 2019: Seasonal-to-interannual prediction of U.S. coastal marine ecosystems: Forecast methods, mechanisms of predictability, and priority developments. Progress in Oceanography, Submitted.
Joyce, T. M., and R. Zhang, 2010: On the path of the Gulf Stream and the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. J. Climate, 23, 3146–3154.
Joyce, T. M., C. Deser, and M. A. Spall, 2000: The relation between decadal variability of subtropical mode water and the North Atlantic Oscillation. J. Climate, 13, 2550–2569.
Kang, D., and E. N. Curchitser, 2013: Gulf Stream eddy characteristics in a high-resolution ocean model. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 118, 4474–4487, doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrc.20318.
Kay, J. E. and Coauthors, 2015: The Community Earth System Model (CESM) Large Ensemble Project: A Community Resource for Studying Climate Change in the Presence of Internal Climate Variability, Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc., 96, 1333-1349. doi: 10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00255.1.
Kirtman, B. P., and Coauthors, 2014: The North American Multimodel Ensemble: Phase-1 Seasonal-to-Interannual Prediction; Phase-2 toward Developing Intraseasonal Prediction. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc, 95, 585–601, doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00050.1.
Kushnir, Y., and Coauthors, 2019: Towards operational predictions of the near-term climate. Nature Climate Change, 1–8, doi:10.1038/s41558-018-0359-7.
Kwon, Y.-O., and C. Deser, 2007: North Pacific decadal variability in Community Climate System Model Version 2. J. Climate, 20, 2416–2433.
Kwon, Y.-O., and T.M. Joyce, 2013: Northern Hemisphere Winter Atmospheric Transient Eddy Heat Fluxes and the Gulf Stream and Kuroshio-Oyashio Extension Variability. J. Climate, 26, 9839-9859, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00647.1.
Kwon, Y.-O., M.A. Alexander, N.A. Bond, C. Frankignoul, H. Nakamura, B. Qiu, L. Thompson, 2010: Role of Gulf Stream and Kuroshio-Oyashio Systems in Large-Scale Atmosphere-Ocean Interaction: A Review. J. Climate, 23, 3249–3281.
Kwon, Y.-O., C. Deser, and C. Cassou, 2011: Coupled Atmosphere – Mixed Layer Ocean Response to Ocean Heat Flux Convergence along the Kuroshio Current Extension. Climate Dyn., 36, 2295-2312, doi:10.1007/s00382-010-0764-8.
Link, J.S., 2002: What does ecosystem-based fisheries management mean? Fisheries 27:18-21.
Locarnini, R. A., A. V. Mishonov, O. K. Baranova, T. P. Boyer, M. M. Zweng, H. E. Garcia, J. R. Reagan, D. Seidov, K. Weathers, C. R. Paver, and I. Smolyar, 2018. World Ocean Atlas 2018, Volume 1: Temperature. A. Mishonov Technical Ed.; NOAA Atlas NESDIS 81, 52 pp.
Mesinger, F., G. DiMego, E. Kalnay, K. Mitchell, and Coauthors, 2006: North American Regional Reanalysis. Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc., 87, 343–360, doi:10.1175/BAMS-87-3-343.
Miller, A. J., M. Collins, S. Gualdi, T. G. Jensen, V. Misra, L. P. Pezzi, D. W. Pierce, D. Putrasahan, H. Seo, and Y.-H. Tseng, 2017: Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere-Hydrology Modeling and Predictions, J. Mar. Res. 75, 361-402.
Mountain, D. G., 2012: Labrador slope water entering the Gulf of Maine—response to the North Atlantic Oscillation. Cont. Shelf Res., 47, 150–155, doi:10.1016/j.csr.2012.07.008.
Mountain, D.G., and S.A. Murawski, 1992: Variation in the distribution of fish stocks on the northeast continental shelf in relation to their environment, 1980-1989. ICES Mar. Sci. Symp., 195, 424-432.
Mountain, D.G. and Kane, J., 2010: Major Changes in the Georges Bank Ecosystem, 1980s to the 1990s. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 398, 81-91.
Nakamura, H., T. Sampe, Y. Tanimoto, and A. Shimpo, 2004: Observed associations among storm tracks, jet streams and midlatitude oceanic fronts. Earth Climate: The Ocean–Atmosphere Interaction, Geophys. Monogr., 147, Amer. Geophys. Union, 329–346.
Newman, M., and Coauthors, 2016: The Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Revisited. J. Climate, 29, 4399–4427, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0508.1.
Nye, J. A., J. S. Link, J. A. Hare, and W. J. Overholtz, 2009: Changing spatial distribution of fish stocks in relation to climate and population size on the Northeast United States continental shelf. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 393, 111-129.
Nye, J.A., T.M. Joyce, Y.-O. Kwon, and J.S. Link, 2011: Gulf Stream position determines spatial distribution of silver hake. Nature Commun., 2:412, doi:10.1038/ncomms1420.
O’Reilly, C. H., 2018: Interdecadal variability of the ENSO teleconnection to the wintertime North Pacific. Clim Dyn, 51, 3333–3350, doi:10.1007/s00382-018-4081-y.
Peña-Molino, B., and T. M. Joyce, 2008: Variability in the Slope Water and its relation to the Gulf Stream path. Geophys. Res. Lett, 35, L03606, doi:10.1029/2007GL032183.
Pershing, A.J., C.H. Greene, J.W. Jossi, L. OBrien, J.K.T. Brodziak, and B.A. Bailey, 2005: Interdecadal variability in the Gulf of Maine zooplankton community with potential impacts on fish recruitment. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 62, 1511-1523.
Pershing, A. J., M. A. Alexander, C. M. Hernandez, L. A. Kerr, A. Le Bris, K. E. Mills, J. A. Nye, N. R. Record, H. A. Scannell, J. D. Scott, G. D. Sherwood, and A. C. Thomas, 2015: Slow Adaptation in the Face of Rapid Warming Leads to the Collapse of Atlantic Cod in the Gulf of Maine. Science, 10.1126/science.aac9819.
Pinksy, M.L., B. Worm, M.J. Fogarty, J.L. Sarmiento, and S.A. Levin, 2013: Marine Taxa Track Local Climate Velocities. Science, 341, 1239–1242.
Pullen, J., R. Allard, H. Seo, A. J. Miller, S. Chen, L. P. Pezzi, T. Smith, P. Chu, J. Alves, and R. Caldeira, 2017: Coupled ocean-atmosphere forecasting at short and medium time scales. J. Mar. Res., 75, 877-921.
Rayner, N.A., D.E. Parker, E.B. Horton, C.K. Folland, L.V. Alexander, D.P. Rowell, E.C. Kent, and A. Kaplan, 2003: Global analyses of sea surface temperature, sea ice, and night marine air temperature since the late nineteenth century. J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4407, doi:10.1029/2002JD002670.
Reynolds, R. W., T. M. Smith, C. Liu, D. B. Chelton, K. S. Casey, and M. G. Schlax, 2007: Daily High Resolution-Blended Analyses for Sea Surface Temperature. J. Climate, 20, 5473–5496.
Richaud, B., Y.-O. Kwon, T.M. Joyce, P.S. Fratantoni, and S.J. Lentz, 2016: Surface and bottom temperature and salinity climatology along the continental shelf off the Canadian and U.S. East Coasts. Cont. Shelf Res., 124, 165-181, doi:10.1016/j.csr.2016.06.005.
Rio, M.‐H., et al., 2005: The estimation of the ocean mean dynamic topography through the combination of altimetric data, in‐situ measurements and GRACE geoid: From global to regional studies, paper presented at GOCINA International Workshop, Eur. Cent. for Geodyn. and Seismol., Luxembourg, 13 – 15 Apr.
Rossby, T., and R. L. Benway, 2000: Slow variations in mean path of the Gulf Stream east of Cape Hatteras. Geophys. Res. Lett, 27, 117–120, doi:10.1029/1999GL002356.
Rypina, I. I., K. Chen, C. M. Hernández, L. J. Pratt, and J. K. Llopiz, 2019: Investigating the suitability of the Slope Sea for Atlantic bluefin tuna spawning using a high-resolution ocean circulation model. ICES Journal of Marine Science, doi10.1093/icesjms/fsz079
Saba, V. S., K. J. Hyde, N. D. Rebuck, K. D. Friedland, J. A. Hare, M. Kahru, and M. J. Fogarty, 2015: Physical associations to spring phytoplankton biomass interannual variability in the US Northeast Continental Shelf. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 120, 205–220.
Saba, V. S., and Coauthors, 2016: Enhanced warming of the northwest Atlantic Ocean under climate change. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 120, doi:10.1002/2015JC011346.
Schneider, N., and B. D. Cornuelle, 2005: The forcing of the pacific decadal oscillation. J. Climate, 18, 4355–4373, doi:10.1175/JCLI3527.1.
Schulte, J.A., N. Georgas, V.S. Saba, and P. Howell, 2018: North Pacific influences on Long Island Sound temperature variability. J. Climate, 31, 2745-2769.
Schulte, J.A., N. Georgas, N., V.S. Saba, and P. Howell, 2017: Meteorological aspects of the Eastern North American Pattern with impacts on Long Island Sound salinity. J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 5, 26. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse5030026.
Seo, H., 2017: Distinct influence of air-sea interactions mediated by mesoscale sea surface temperature and surface current in the Arabian Sea. J. Climate, 30, 8061-8079.
Seo, H., A. J. Miller and J. O. Roads, 2007: The Scripps Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Regional (SCOAR) model, with applications in the eastern Pacific sector. J. Climate, 20, 381-402.
Seo, H., A. C. Subramanian, A. J. Miller, and N. R. Cavanaugh, 2014: Coupled impacts of the diurnal cycle of sea surface temperature on the Madden-Julian Oscillation. J. Climate, 27, 8422-8443.
Seo, H., A. J. Miller, and J. R. Norris, 2016: Eddy-wind interaction in the California Current System: dynamics and impacts, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 46, 439-459.
Seo, H., Y.-O. Kwon, T.M. Joyce, and C.C. Ummenhofer, 2017: Predominant nonlinear response of the extratropical atmosphere to meridional shift of the Gulf Stream. J. Climate, 30, 9679-9702. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0707.1.
Seo, H., A. C. Subramanian, H. Song, and J. S. Chowdary, 2019: Coupled effects of ocean current on wind stress in the Bay of Bengal: Eddy energetics and upper ocean stratification. Deep-Sea Res. II, In press.
Shchepetkin, A. F., and J. C. McWilliams, 2005: The Regional Oceanic Modeling System (ROMS): A split-explicit, free-surface, topography-following-coordinate oceanic model, Ocean Modell., 9, 347–404.
Shin, S., and M. A. Alexander, 2019: Dynamical Downscaling of Future Hydrographic Changes over the Northwest Atlantic Ocean J. Climate , submitted.
Skamarock, W. C., and Coauthors, 2008: A description of the advanced research WRF version 3. NCAR Tech, Note NCAR/TN-4751STR, 113 pp.
Small, R.J., R. Msadek, Y.-O. Kwon, J.F. Booth, and C. Zarzycki, 2019: Atmosphere surface storm track response to resolved ocean mesoscale in two sets of global climate model experiments. Climate Dyn., 52, 2067-2089. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4237-9.
Stock, C., K., Pegion, G. Vecchi, M. Alexander, D. Tommasi, N. Bond, P. Fratantoni, R. Gudgel, T. Kristiansen, T. O’Brien, Y. Xue, X. Yang, 2015: Seasonal Sea Surface Temperature Anomaly Prediction for Coastal Ecosystems. Progress in Oceanography, 137, 219-236. doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2015.06.007
Thomas, A. C., A. J. Pershing, K. D. Friedland, J. A. Nye, K. E. Mills, M. A. Alexander, N. R. Record, R. Weatherbee, and E. Henderson, 2018: Seasonal trends and Phenology shifts in sea surface temperature on the North American northeastern continetal shelf. Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene, 5:48, DOI: http://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.240
Tommasi, D, et al., 2017a: Managing living marine resources in a dynamic environment: The role of seasonal to decadal climate forecasts. Prog. Oceanogr., 152, 15-49.
Tommasi, D., C. A. Stock, M. A. Alexander, X. Yang, A. Rosati and G. A. Vecchi, 2017b: Multi-Annual Climate Predictions for Fisheries: An Assessment of Skill of Sea Surface Temperature Forecasts for Large Marine Ecosystems. Frontiers Mar. Sci., 4, Article 201. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2017.00201
Tommasi, D., C. A. Stock, K. Pegion, G. A. Vecchi, R. D. Methot, M. A. Alexander, D. M. Checkley, 2017c: Improved management of small pelagic fisheries through seasonal climate prediction. Ecological Applications, 27, 378-388. 10.1002/eap.1458.
Winton, M., W. G. Anderson, T. L. Delworth, S. M. Griffies, W. J. Hurlin, and A. Rosati, 2014: Has coarse ocean resolution biased simulations of transient climate sensitivity? Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 8522–8529, doi:10.1002/2014GL061523.
Xu, H., H.-M. Kim, J. A. Nye, and S. Hameed, 2015: Impacts of the North Atlantic Oscillation on sea surface temperature on the Northeast US Continental Shelf. Cont. Shelf Res., 105, 60–66.
Yang, X. et al. 2013: A predictable AMO-Like Pattern in the GFDL Fully Coupled Ensemble Initialization and Decadal Forecasting System, J. Climate, 26, 650-661.
Yeager, S. G., and J. I. Robson, 2017: Recent Progress in Understanding and Predicting Atlantic Decadal Climate Variability. Current Climate Change Reports, 3, 1–16, doi:10.1007/s40641-017-0064-z.
Yeager, S. G., and Coauthors, 2018: Predicting Near-Term Changes in the Earth System: A Large Ensemble of Initialized Decadal Prediction Simulations Using the Community Earth System Model. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc, 99, 1867–1886.
Zhang, R., 2008: Coherent surface-subsurface fingerprint of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L20705, doi:10.1029/2008GL035463.
Zhang, R., T. L. Delworth, A. Rosati, W. G. Anderson, K. W. Dixon, H.-C. Lee, and F. Zeng, 2011: Sensitivity of the North Atlantic Ocean Circulation to an abrupt change in the Nordic Sea overflow in a high resolution global coupled climate model, J. Geophys. Res., 116, C12024, doi:10.1029/2011JC007240.
Zhang, R., R. Sutton, G. Danabasoglu, Y.-O. Kwon, R. Marsh, S.G. Yeager, D.E. Amrhein, and C.M. Little, 2019: A Review of the Role of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation in Atlantic Multidecadal Variability and Associated Climate Impacts. Rev. Geophys., 57, doi: 10.1029/2019RG000644.

2020 NSF PO CA
†Ajoku, O., J. R. Norris and A. J. Miller, 2019: Observed monsoon precipitation suppression caused by anomalous interhemispheric aerosol transport. Climate Dynamics, 54, 1077-1091.
†Amaya, D. J., 2019: The Pacific Meridional Mode and ENSO: a Review. Current Climate Change Reports 5, 296-307.
Amaya, D. J., N. E. Bond, A. J. Miller, M. J. DeFlorio, 2016: The evolution and known atmospheric forcing mechanisms behind the 2013-2015 North Pacific warm anomalies. US CLIVAR Variations, 14, 1-6.
†Amaya, D.J., M. J. DeFlorio, A. J. Miller and S.-P. Xie, 2016: WES feedback and the Atlantic Meridional Mode: Observations and CMIP5 comparisons. Clim. Dyn., 49, 1665–1679.
†Amaya, D.J., N. Siler, S.-P. Xie and A. J. Miller, 2018: The interplay of internal and forced modes of Hadley Cell expansion: Lessons from the global warming hiatus. Clim. Dyn., 51, 305-319.
†Amaya, D. J., Y. Kosaka, W. Zhou, Y. Zhang, S.-P. Xie and A. J. Miller, 2019: The North Pacific pacemaker effect on historical ENSO and its mechanisms. J. Climate, 32, 7643-7661.
Antic, S., R. Laprise, B. Denis, R. de Elía, 2006: Testing the downscaling ability of a one-way nested regional climate model in regions of complex topography. Clim. Dym., 26, 305–325.
Bakun A. 1973: Coastal upwelling indices, west coast of North America. 1946–71, in NOAA Techn. Rept.1973, NMFS. SSRF. p. 671
†Bakun, A., B. A. Black, S. J. Bograd, M. Garcia-Reyes, A. J. Miller, R. R. Rykaczewski and W. J. Sydeman, 2015: Anticipated effects of climate change on coastal upwelling ecosystems. Current Climate Change Reports, 1, 85-93.
Barlow, M., S. Nigam, and E. H. Berbery, 2001: ENSO, Pacific Decadal Variability, and U.S. Summertime Precipitation, Drought, and Stream Flow. J. Climate, 14, 2105–2128.
Bartusek, S., H. Seo, C. Ummenhofer, and J. D. Steffen, 2020: The role of coastal ocean surface fluxes during landfalling Atmospheric Rivers along the US West Coast. Ocean Sciences Meeting, San Diego, 2020. https://agu.confex.com/agu/osm20/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/649576
Bedsworth, L., D. Cayan, G. Franco, L. Fisher, S. Ziaja. (California Governor’s Office of Planning and Research, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, California Energy Commission, California Public Utilities Commission), 2018: Statewide Summary Report. California’s Fourth Climate Change Assessment. Publication number: SUMCCCA4-2018-013.
Boé, J., A. Hall, F. Colas, J. C. McWilliams, X. Qu. J. Kurian, S. B. Kapnick, 2011: What shapes mesoscale wind anomalies in coastal upwelling zones? Clim. Dyn., 36, 2037-2049.
Bograd, S. J., I. Schroeder, N. Sarkar, X. Qiu, W. J. Sydeman, and F. B. Schwing, 2009: Phenology of coastal upwelling in the California Current, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L01602.
Bond, N.A., M.F. Cronin, H. Freeland, and N. Mantua, 2015: Causes and impacts of the 2014 warm anomaly in the NE Pacific. Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 3414–3420.
Brady, R. X., M. A. Alexander, N. S. Lovenduski, and R. R. Rykaczewski, 2017: Emergent anthropogenic trends in California Current upwelling, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 5044–5052
Brink, K. H., 1983. The near-surface dynamics of coastal upwelling. Prog. Oceanogr., 12, 223-257.
Brink, K. H., 2016: Cross-shelf exchange. Annual Review of Marine Science, 8, 59–78
*Brink, K. H., and H. Seo, 2016: Continental Shelf Baroclinic Instability 2: Oscillating wind forcing, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 46, 569-582.
Capet, X. J., P. Marchesiello, and J. C. McWilliams, 2004: Upwelling response to coastal wind profiles. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L13311.
Capet, X., J.C. McWilliams, M.J. Molemaker, and A.F. Shchepetkin, 2008: Mesoscale to Submesoscale Transition in the California Current System. Part II: Frontal Processes. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 38, 44–64
Cavazos T, Comrie AC, Liverman DM, 2002: Intraseasonal variability associated with wet monsoons in Southeast Arizona. J. Climate, 15, 2477–2490
Cayan, D. R., E. P. Maurer, M. D. Dettinger, M. Tyree, and K. Hayhoe, 2008: Climate change scenarios in the California region. Climatic Change, 87, S21-S42.
Chelton, D. B. and M. G. Schlax, 1994: The resolution capability of an irregularly sampled dataset: With application to Geosat altimeter data. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 11, 534–550
Chelton, D. B., M. G. Schlax and R. M. Samelson, 2007: Summertime Coupling between Sea Surface Temperature and Wind Stress in the California Current System. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 37, 495-517.
Chelton, D. B., and S.-P. Xie, 2010: Coupled ocean–atmosphere interaction at oceanic mesoscales. Oceanography, 23, 52–69.
Cleveland, W., 1979: Robust locally weighted regression and smoothing scatterplots. J. Amer. Stat. Assoc., 74, 829–836.
Cummings, J. A., 2005: Operational multivariate ocean data assimilation. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 131, 3583–3604.
Danabasoglu, G, S. C. Bates, B. P. Briegleb, S. R. Jayne, M. Jochum, W. G. Large, S. Peacock, S. G. Yeager, 2012: The CCSM4 ocean component. J. Climate, 25, 1361–1389.
Dever, E. P., C. E. Dorman, and J. L. Largier, 2006: Surface boundary layer variability during upwelling off northern California, Deep Sea Res. II, 53, 2887–2905.
†Dias, D. F., A. Subramanian, L. Zanna, and A. J. Miller, 2018: Remote and local influences in forecasting Pacific SST: A Linear Inverse Model and a multimodel ensemble study. Clim. Dyn., 52, 3183-3201.
Diffenbaugh, N. S., 2005: Response of large-scale eastern boundary current forcing in the 21st century, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L19718.
Dorman, C. E., and D. Koracin, 2008: Interaction of the Summer Marine Layer with An Extreme California Coastal Bend. Mon. Wea. Rev., 136, 2894-2922.
Edson, J., V. Jampana, R. Weller, S. Bigorre, A. Plueddemann, C. Fairall, S. Miller, L. Mahrt, D. Vickers, and H. Hersbach, 2013: On the exchange of momentum over the open ocean, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 43, 1589–1610.
†Eliashiv, J., A. C. Subramanian and A. J. Miller, 2020: Tropical climate variability in the Community Earth System Model – Data Assimilation Research Testbed. Clim. Dyn., 54, 793–806.
†Eliashiv, J., A. C. Subramanian and A. J. Miller, 2020b: A Reliability Budget analysis of CESM-DART. J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., in press.
Fairall, C., E. Bradley, J. Godfrey, G. Wick, J. Edson, and G. Young, 1996: Cool-skin and warm-layer effects on sea surface temperature. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 1295–1308.
Fairall, C., E. F. Bradley, J. Hare, A. Grachev, and J. Edson, 2003: Bulk parameterization of air-sea fluxes: Updates and verification for the COARE algorithm. J. Climate, 16, 571–591.
Fewings, M. R., 2017: Large-Scale Structure in Wind Forcing over the California Current System in Summer. Mon. Wea. Rev., 145, 4227–4247.
García-Reyes, M., and J. Largier, 2010: Observations of increased wind- driven coastal upwelling off central California, J. Geophys. Res., 115, C04011.
García-Reyes, M, W. J. Sydeman, D. S. Schoeman, R. R. Rykaczewski, B. A. Black, A. J. Smit, and S. J. Bograd, 2015: Under Pressure: Climate Change, Upwelling, and Eastern Boundary Upwelling Ecosystems. Front. Mar. Sci., 2, 109.
Gershunov, A, D. R. Cayan, S. F. Iacobellis, 2009: The great 2006 heat wave over California and Nevada: signal of an increasing trend. J. Climate, 22, 6181–6203.
Haidvogel, D. B., H. G. Arango, K. Hedstrom, A. Beckmann, P. Malanotte-Rizzoli, and A. F. Shchepetkin, 2000: Model evaluation experiments in the North Atlantic Basin: Simulations in nonlinear terrain-following coordinates. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 32, 239–281
Hall, A. D., 2014: Projecting regional change. Science, 346, 1461-1462.
Hamilton, G. D., 1980: Data Buoy Office programs, Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc., 61, 1012–1017.
†Hell, M. C., B. D. Cornuelle, S. Gille, A. J. Miller and P. D. Bromirski, 2019: Identifying ocean swell generation events from Ross Ice Shelf seismic data. J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech., 36, 2171-2189.
Hersbach, H., and D. Dee, 2016: ERA5 reanalysis is in production. ECMWF Newsletter, No. 147, ECMWF, Reading, United Kingdom, 7.
Holbrook, N. J., H. A. Scannell, A. Sen Gupta, J. A. Benthuysen, M. Feng, E. C. J. Oliver, L. V. Alexander, M. T. Burrows, M. G. Donat, A. J. Hobday, P. J. Moore, S. E. Perkins-Kirkpatrick, D. A. Smale, S. C. Straub and T. Wernberg, 2019: A global assessment of marine heatwaves and their drivers, Nature Comm., 10, 2624.
Huang, X., D. L. Swain, D. B. Walton, S. Stevenson, A. D. Hall, 2020: Simulating and Evaluating Atmospheric River Induced Precipitation Extremes along the U.S. Pacific Coast: Case Studies from 1980-2017. J. Geophys. Res. In press.
Hurrell, J. W., M. M. Holland, P. R. Gent, 2013: The Community Earth System Model: A Framework for Collaborative Research. Bull. Amer. Meteo. Soc., 94, 1339–60
Jacox, M. G., C. A. Edwards, E. L. Hazen, and S. J. Bograd, 2018: Coastal upwelling revisited: Ekman, Bakun, and improved upwelling indices for the U.S. West Coast. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 123, 7332–7350.
Jacox, M. G., 2019: Marine heatwaves in a changing climate, Nature, 571, 485-487.
Jin, X., C. Dong, J. Kurian, J. C. McWilliams, D. B. Chelton, and Z. Li, 2009: SST- wind interaction in coastal upwelling: Oceanic simulation with empirical coupling. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 39, 2957-2970.
Joh, Y., and E. Di Lorenzo, 2017: Increasing coupling between NPGO and PDO leads to prolonged marine heatwaves in the Northeast Pacific. Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 11,663–11,671
*Joyce, T. M., Y.-O. Kwon, H. Seo, and, C. C. Ummenhofer, 2019: Meridional Gulf Stream shifts can influence wintertime variability in the North Atlantic Storm Track and Greenland Blocking. Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 1702-1708.
Jullien, S., S Masson, V. Oerder, G. Samson, F. Colas, L. Renault, 2020: Impact of ocean-atmosphere current feedback on the ocean mesoscale activity: regional variations, and sensitivity to model resolution, J. Climate, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0484.1
Karnauskas, K. B., and C. C. Ummenhofer, 2014: On the dynamics of the Hadley circulation and subtropical drying. Clim. Dyn., 42, 2259-2269.
Kay, J. E., C. Deser, A. Phillips, A. Mai, C. Hannay, G. Strand, J.M. Arblaster, S.C. Bates, G. Danabasoglu, J. Edwards, M. Holland, P. Kushner, J. Lamarque, D. Lawrence, K. Lindsay, A. Middleton, E. Munoz, R. Neale, K. Oleson, L. Polvani, and M. Vertenstein, 2015: The community earth system model (CESM) large ensemble project: a community resource for studying climate change in the presence of internal climate variability. Bull Amer. Meteo. Soc., 96, 1333–1349.
Klein, S. A., and D. L. Hartmann, 1993: The seasonal cycle of low stratiform clouds. J. Climate, 6, 1587-1606.
Klein, S. A., A. Hall, J. R. Norris, and R. Pincus, 2017: Low-cloud feedbacks from cloud-controlling factors: A review. Surv. Geophys., 38, 1307–1329,
*Kwon, Y.-O., A. Camacho, C. Martinez-Zayas, and H. Seo, 2018: North Atlantic Eddy-driven Jet and Blocking Variability in the Community Earth System Model Version 1 Large Ensemble Simulations. Clim. Dyn., 51, 3275-3289.
*Kwon, Y.-O., H. Seo, C. C. Ummenhofer, and T. M. Joyce, 2019: Impact of Multidecadal Variability in Atlantic SST on Winter Atmospheric Blocking. J. Climate, 33, 867-892
Lamarque, J. F., T. C. Bond, V. Eyring, C. Granier, A. Heil, Z. Klimont, D. Lee, C. Liousse, A. Mieville, B. Owen, M. G. Schultz, D. Shindell, S. J. Smith, E. Stehfest, J. Van Aardenne, O. R. Cooper, M. Kainuma, N. Mahowald, J. R. McConnell, V. Naik, K. Riahi, and D. P. van Vuuren, 2010: Historical (1850–2000) gridded anthropo- genic and biomass burning emissions of reactive gases and aero- sols: methodology and application. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 7017– 7039.
Laprise, R., 2008: Regional climate modelling. J. Comp. Phys., 227, 3641–3666.
Large, W. G., and G. Danabasoglu, 2006: Attribution and Impacts of Upper-Ocean Biases in CCSM3. J. Climate, 19, 2325-2346.
Largier, J. L., C. A. Lawrence, M. Roughan, D. M. Kaplan, E. P. Dever, C. E. Dorman, R. M. Kudela, S. M. Bollens, F. P. Wilkerson, R. C. Dugdale, L. W. Botsford, N. Garfield, B. Kuebel Cervantes, D. Koracin, 2006: WEST: a northern California study of the role of wind-driven transport in the productivity of coastal plankton communities. Deep Sea Res. II, 53, 2833-2849.
Lau, N.-C., 1997: Interactions between global SST anomalies and the midlatitude atmospheric circulation. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 78, 21–34.
†Lennert-Cody, C. E., S. C. Clarke, A. Aires-da-Silva, M. N. Maunder, P. J. S. Franks, M. Román, A. J. Miller and M. Minami, 2019: The importance of environment and life stage on interpretation of silky shark relative abundance indices for the equatorial Pacific Ocean. Fisheries Oceanography, 28, 43-53.
Lorenz, E. N., 1963, Deterministic nonperiodic flow, J. Atmos. Sci., 20, 130
Lu, J., and G. A. Vecchi, and T. Reichler, 2007: Expansion of the Hadley cell under global warming, Geophys. Res Lett. 34, L06805.
Mansbach, D. K., and J. R. Norris, 2007: Low-level cloud variability over the equatorial cold tongue in observations and models. J. Climate, 20, 1555-1570.
Marchesiello, P., J. C. McWilliams, and A. Shchepetkin, 2003: Equilibrium structure and dynamics of the California Current System. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 33, 753–783
Mechoso, C., A. Robertson, N. Barth, M. Davey, P. Delecluse, P. Gent, S. Ineson, B. Kirtman, M. Latif, H.L. Treut, T. Nagai, J. Neelin, S. Philander, J. Polcher, P. Schopf, T. Stockdale, M. Suarez, L. Terray, O. Thual, and J. Tribbia, 1995: The Seasonal Cycle over the Tropical Pacific in Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere General Circulation Models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 2825–2838.
Meinshausen M. S. J. Smith, K. Calvin, J. S. Daniel, M. L. T. Kainuma, J-F. Lamarque, K. Matsumoto, S. A. Montzka, S. C. B. Raper, K. Riahi, A. Thomson, G. J. M. Velders, D.P. P. van Vuuren, 2011: The RCP greenhouse gas concentrations and their extension from 1765 to 2300. Clim. Change, 109, 213– 241.
*†Miller, A. J., M. Collins, S. Gualdi, T. G. Jensen, V. Misra, L. P. Pezzi, D. W. Pierce, D. Putrasahan, H. Seo, and Y.-H. Tseng, 2017: Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere-Hydrology Modeling and Predictions, J. Mar. Res., 75, 361-402.
Myers, T. A., and J. R. Norris, 2016: Reducing the uncertainty in subtropical cloud feedback. Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 2144–2148.
Neelin, J. D., B. Langenbrunner,, J. E. Meyerson, A. Hall, N. Berg, 2013: California Winter Precipitation Change under Global Warming in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 Ensemble. J. Climate, 26, 6238–6256.
†Newman, M., M. A. Alexander, T. R. Ault, K. M. Cobb, C. Deser, E. Di Lorenzo, N. J. Mantua, A. J. Miller, S. Minobe, H. Nakamura, N. Schneider, D. J. Vimont, A. S. Phillips, J. D. Scott and C. A. Smith, 2016: The Pacific Decadal Oscillation, revisited. J. Climate, 29, 4399-4427.
Norris, J. R., Y. Zhang, and J. M. Wallace, 1998: Role of low clouds in summertime atmosphere- ocean interactions over the North Pacific. J. Climate, 11, 2482-2490.
Oliver, E. C. J., M. Burrows, M. Donat, A. Sen Gupta, L. Alexander, S. Perkins-Kirkpatrick, J. Benthuysen, A. Hobday, N. Holbrook, P. Moore, M. Thomsen, T. Wernberg and D. Smale, 2019: Projected marine heatwaves in the 21st century and the potential for ecological impact, Frontiers in Marine Science, 6, 734.
*Oltmanns, M., F. Straneo, H. Seo, and G. W. K. Moore, 2015: The role of wave dynamics and small-scale topography for downslope wind events in southeast Greenland. J. Atmos. Sci., 72, 2786-2805.
*Parfitt, R., and H. Seo, 2018: A New Framework for Near-Surface Wind Convergence over the Kuroshio Extension and Gulf Stream in Wintertime: The Role of Atmospheric Fronts. Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, 9909–9918.
*Parfitt, R., A. Czaja, and H. Seo, 2017: A simple diagnostic for the detection of atmospheric fronts, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 4351–4358.
Perlin, N., R. M. Samelson and D. B. Chelton, 2004: Scatterometer and model wind and wind stress in the Oregon-California coastal zone. Mon. Wea. Rev., 132, 2110–2129.
Perlin, N., E. Skyllingstad, R. Samelson, and P. Barbour, 2007: Numerical simulation of air-sea coupling during coastal upwelling. J. Phys. Oceanogr, 37, 2081-2093.
Perlin, N., S. P. de Szoeke, D. B. Chelton, R. M. Samelson, E. D. Skyllingstad, and L. W. O’Neill, 2014: Modeling the Atmospheric Boundary Layer Response to Mesoscale Sea Surface Temperature Perturbations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 142, 4284-4307.
Persson, P. O., P. J. Neiman, B. Walter, J. Bao, and F. M. Ralph, 2005: Contributions from California Coastal-Zone Surface Fluxes to Heavy Coastal Precipitation: A CALJET Case Study during the Strong El Niño of 1998. Mon. Wea. Rev., 133, 1175–11.
*†Pullen, J., R. Allard, H. Seo, A. J. Miller, S. Chen, L. P. Pezzi, T. Smith, P. Chu, J. Alves, and R. Caldeira, 2018: Coupled ocean-atmosphere forecasting at short and medium time scales. J. Mar. Res., 75, 877-921.
Putrasahan, D., A. J. Miller, and H. Seo, 2013a: Regional coupled ocean-atmosphere downscaling in the Southeast Pacific: Impacts on upwelling, mesoscale air-sea fluxes, and ocean eddies. Ocean Dynm., 63, 463-488.
Putrasahan, D., A. J. Miller, H. Seo, 2013b: Isolating Mesoscale Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions in the Kuroshio Extension Region. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans., 63, 60-78.
Renault, L., A. Hall, and J. C. McWilliams, 2015: Orographic shaping of U.S. West Coast wind profiles during the upwelling season. Clim. Dyn., 46, 273–289.
Renault, L., J. C. McWilliams, and J. Gula, 2018: Dampening of submesoscale currents by air-sea stress coupling in the Californian Upwelling System. Sci. Rep., 8, 13388.
Rodwell, M. J., and B. J. Hoskins, 2001: Subtropical anticyclones and summer monsoon, J. Climate, 14, 3192-3211.
Rykaczewski, R. R., and D. M. Checkley, Jr, 2008: Influence of ocean winds on the pelagic ecosystem in upwelling regions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 105, 1965-1970.
Rykaczewski, R. R., Dunne, J. P., Sydeman, W. J., García‐Reyes, M., Black, B. A., and S. J. Bograd, 2015: Poleward displacement of coastal upwelling‐favorable winds in the ocean’s eastern boundary currents through the 21st century, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 6424–6431.
Samelson, R. M., P. Barbour, J. Barth, S. Bielli, T. Boyd, D. Chelton, P. Kosro, M. Levine, E. Skyllingstad, and J. Wilczak, 2002: Wind stress forcing of the Oregon coastal ocean during the 1999 upwelling season. J. Geophys. Res. -Oceans, 107 (C5), doi:10.1029/2001JC000900,
Samelson, R. M., L. W. O’Neill, D. B. Chelton, E. D. Skyllingstad, P. L. Barbour, and S. M. Durski, 2020: Surface Stress and Atmospheric Boundary Layer Response to Mesoscale SST Structure in Coupled Simulations of the Northern California Current System. Mon. Wea. Rev., 148, 259–287.
†Sanchez, S. C., D. J. Amaya, A. J. Miller, S.-P. Xie and C. D. Charles, 2019: The Pacific Meridional Mode over the last millennium. Clim. Dyn., 53, 3547-3560.
Schlax, M., D. B. Chelton, and M. H. Freilich, 2001: Sampling errors in wind fields constructed from single and tandem scatterometer datasets. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 18, 1014–1036.
Schmidt, D. F., and K. M. Grise, 2019: Impacts of subtropical highs on summertime precipitation in North America, J. Geophys. Res. – Atmosphere, 124, 11188– 11204
†Schmidt, D. F., D. J. Amaya, K. M. Grise and A. J. Miller, 2020: Shifts of the North Pacific Subtropical High Drive Upwelling Trends in the California Current System. Geophys. Res. Lett. Submitted
Schwartz, R. E., A. Gershunov, S. F. Iacobellis, and D. R. Cayan, 2014: North American west coast summer low cloudiness: Broadscale variability associated with sea surface temperature. Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 3307– 3314.
Seager, R., D. Neelin, I. Simpson, H. Liu, N. Henderson, T. Shaw, Y. Kushnir, M. Ting, and B. Cook, 2014: Dynamical and thermodynamical causes of large-scale changes in the hydrological cycle over North America in response to global warming. J. Climate, 27, 7921–7948.
Seo, H., M. Jochum, R. Murtugudde and A. J. Miller, 2006: Effect of Ocean Mesoscale Variability on the Mean State of Tropical Atlantic Climate. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L09606.
Seo, H.A. J. Miller and J. O. Roads, 2007a: The Scripps Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Regional (SCOAR) model, with applications in the eastern Pacific sector. J. Climate, 20, 381-402.
Seo, H., M. Jochum, R. Murtugudde, A. J. Miller, and J. O. Roads, 2007b: Feedback of Tropical Instability Wave – induced Atmospheric Variability onto the Ocean. J. Climate, 20, 5842-5855.
Seo, H., R. Murtugudde, M. Jochum, and A. J. Miller, 2008a: Modeling of Mesoscale Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction and its Feedback to Ocean in the Western Arabian Sea. Ocean Modell., 25, 120-131.
Seo, H., M. Jochum, R. Murtugudde, A. J. Miller, and J. O. Roads, 2008b: Precipitation from African Easterly Waves in a Coupled Model of the Tropical Atlantic. J. Climate, 21, 1417-1431.
Seo, H., S.-P. Xie, R. Murtugudde, M. Jochum, and A. J. Miller, 2009: Seasonal effects of Indian Ocean freshwater forcing in a regional coupled model. J. Climate, 22, 6577-6596.
Seo, H., and S.-P. Xie, 2011: Response and Impact of Equatorial Ocean Dynamics and Tropical Instability Waves in the Tropical Atlantic under Global Warming: A regional coupled downscaling study. J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 116, C03026.
Seo, H., K. H. Brink, C. E. Dorman, D. Koracin, and C. A. Edwards, 2012: What determines the spatial pattern in summer upwelling trends on the U.S. West Coast? J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 117, C08012.
Seo, H. and S.-P. Xie, 2013: Impact of ocean warm layer thickness on the intensity of hurricane Katrina in a regional coupled model. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 122, 19-32.
Seo, H., Y.-O. Kwon, and J.-J. Park, 2014a: On the effect of the East/Japan Sea SST variability on the North Pacific atmospheric circulation in a regional climate model. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmospheres, 119, 418-444.
Seo, H., A. C. Subramanian, A. J. Miller, and N. R. Cavanaugh, 2014b: Coupled impacts of the diurnal cycle of sea surface temperature on the Madden-Julian Oscillation. J. Climate, 27, 8422-8443.
*†Seo, H., A. J. Miller, and J. R. Norris, 2016: Eddy-wind interaction in the California Current System: dynamics and impacts, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 46, 439-459.
*Seo, H., Y.-O. Kwon, T. M. Joyce, and C. C. Ummenhofer, 2017: On the predominant nonlinear response of the extratropical atmosphere to meridional shift of the Gulf Stream. J. Climate, 30, 9679-9702.
Seo, H., 2017: Distinct influence of air-sea interactions mediated by mesoscale sea surface temperature and surface current in the Arabian Sea. J. Climate, 30, 8061-8079.
Seo, H., A. C. Subramanian, H. Song, and J. S. Chowdary, 2019: Coupled effects of ocean current on wind stress in the Bay of Bengal: Eddy energetics and upper ocean stratification. Deep-Sea Res. II, 168, 104617.
Shchepetkin, A. F. and J. C. McWilliams, 2005: The regional oceanic modeling system (ROMS): A split-explicit, free-surface, topography-following-coordinate ocean model. Ocean Modell., 9, 347–404.
Skamarock, W. C., J. B. Klemp, J. Dudhia, D. O. Gill, D. M. Barker, M. G. Duda, X. Huang, W. Wang, and J. G. Powers, 2008: A description of the advanced research WRF version 3. Rep. NCAR/TN–475+STR, Natl. Cent. for Atmos. Res., Boulder, Colo.
Skyllingstad, E. D., D. B. Chelton, S. K. Esbensen, L. W. O’Neill, and N. Thum, 2006: A note on the coupling of wind stress and sea surface temperature. J. Climate, 19, 1557–1566,
Small, R. J., S. de Szoeke, S. P. Xie, L. O’Neill, H. Seo, Q. Song, P. Cornillon, M. Spall, and S. Minobe, 2008: Air-Sea Interaction over Ocean Fronts and Eddies. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans., 45, 274-319.
Small, R. J., E. Curchitser, K. Hedstrom, B. Kauffman, and W. G. Large, 2015: The Benguela Upwelling System: Quantifying the Sensitivity to Resolution and Coastal Wind Representation in a Global Climate Model. J. Climate, 28, 9409–9432.
Song, F., L. R. Leung, J. Lu, and L. Dong, 2018: Future Changes in Seasonality of the North Pacific and North Atlantic Subtropical Highs, Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, 11,959-11,968.
Song, Q., D. B. Chelton, S. K. Esbensen, N. Thum, and L. W. O’Neill, 2009: Coupling between sea surface temperature and low-level winds in mesoscale numerical models. J. Climate, 22, 146-164.
Ström, L., M. Tjernström, and D. P. Rogers, 2001: Observed dynamics of topographically forced flow at Cape Mendocino during Coastal Waves 1996. J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 953‑977.
*Ummenhofer, C. C., H. Seo, Y-O. Kwon, R. Parfitt, S. Brands, and T. M. Joyce, 2017: Emerging European winter precipitation pattern linked to atmospheric circulation changes over the North Atlantic region in recent decades. Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 8557–8566.
Xie, S.-P., 2004: Satellite observations of cool ocean–atmosphere interaction. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 85, 195–209.

2020 NASA MAP
Ardhuin, F., S. T. Gille, D. Menemenlis, C. B. Rocha, N. Rascle, B. Chapron, J. Gula, and J. Molemaker, 2017: Small‐scale open ocean currents have large effects on wind wave heights. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 122, 4500– 4517.

Brayshaw, D. J., B. Hoskins, and M. Blackburn, 2009: The Basic Ingredients of the North Atlantic Storm Track. Part I: Land–Sea Contrast and Orography. J. Atmos. Sci., 66, 2539–2558.

Bao, J., S. A. Michelson, and J. M. Wilczak, 2002: Sensitivity of Numerical Simulations to Parameterizations of Roughness for Surface Heat Fluxes at High Winds over the Sea. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 1926–1932,

Bodini, N., J. K. Lundquist, and A. Kirincich, 2019: U.S. East Coast lidar measurements show offshore wind turbines will encounter very low atmospheric turbulence. Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 5582– 5591.

Booth, J. F., L. Thompson, J. Patoux, and K. A. Kelly, 2012: Sensitivity of Midlatitude Storm Intensification to Perturbations in the Sea Surface Temperature near the Gulf Stream. Mon. Wea. Rev., 140, 1241–1256.

Beljaars, A. C. M., and A. A. M.Holtslag, 1991: Flux parameterization over land surfaces for atmospheric models. J. Appl. Meteor., 30, 327–341.

Chapman, D. C., and R. C. Beardsley, 1989: On the Origin of Shelf Water in the Middle Atlantic Bight. J. Phys. Oceanogr, 19, 384–391.

Charnock, H., 1955: Wind stress on a water surface. Q. J. R. Meteor. Soc. 81, 639–640.

Chen, S. S., W. Zhao, M. A. Donelan, and H. L. Tolman, 2013: Directional Wind–Wave Coupling in Fully Coupled Atmosphere–Wave–Ocean Models: Results from CBLAST-Hurricane. J. Atmos. Sci., 70, 3198–3215.

Clayson, C. A., and J. B. Edson, 2019: Diurnal surface flux variability over western boundary currents. Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 9174– 9182.

Clayson, C. A., and J. B. Roberts, 2020: SeaFlux V3: A satellite based climate data record of ocean-atmosphere turbulent heat fluxes. In Preparation.

Crofoot, R. F., 2004: Investigations of scalar transfer coefficients in fog during the Coupled Boundary Layers and Air-Sea Transfer experiment: A case study, M.S. Thesis, WHOI/MIT Joint Program.

Cronin, M. F., C. L. Gentemann, J. Edson, I. Ueki, M. Bourassa, S. Brown, C. A. Clayson, C. W. Fairall, J. T. Farrar, S. T. Gille, S. Gulev, S. A. Josey, S. Kato, M. Katsumata, E. Kent, M. Krug, P. J. Minnett, R. Parfitt, R. T. Pinker, P. W. Stackhouse, Jr, S. Swart, H. Tomita, D. Vandemark, R. A. Weller, K. Yoneyama, L. Yu, and D. Zhang, 2019: Air-Sea Fluxes With a Focus on Heat and Momentum. Front. Mar. Sci., 6, 430.

Cummings, J. A., 2005: Operational multivariate ocean data assimilation. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 131, 3583–3604.

Czaja, A., C. Frankignoul, S. Minobe, and B. Vannière, 2019: Simulating the Midlatitude Atmospheric Circulation: What Might We Gain From High-Resolution Modeling of Air-Sea Interactions? Curr. Clim. Change Rep.., 5, 390–406.

Desjardins, S., J. Mailhot, and R. Lalbeharry, 2000: Examination of the Impact of a Coupled Atmospheric and Ocean Wave System. Part I: Atmospheric Aspects. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 30, 385–401.

Donelan, M., 1990: Air-Sea Interaction, in B. LeMéhauté and D. M. Hanes (eds.), The Sea, Vol. 9A, J. Wiley, New York, 239–292.

Doyle, J. D., 1995: Coupled ocean wave/atmosphere mesoscale model simulations of cyclogenesis. Tellus A, 47, 766-778.

Edson, J. B., and C. W. Fairall, 1998: Similarity relationships in the marine atmospheric surface layer for terms in the TKE and scalar variance budgets. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 2311- 2328.

Edson, J. B., A. A. Hinton, K. E. Prada, J. E. Hare, and C. W. Fairall, 1998: Direct covariance flux estimates from mobile platforms at sea. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 15, 547–562.

Edson, J. B., C. J. Zappa, J. A. Ware, W. R. McGillis, and J. E. Hare, 2004: Scalar flux profile relationships over the open ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 109, C08S09.

Edson, J., T. Crawford, J. Crescenti, T. Farrar, N. Frew, G. Gerbi, C. Helmis, T. Hristov, D. Khelif, A. Jessup, H. Jonsson, M. Li, L. Mahrt, W. McGillis, A. Plueddemann, L. Shen, E. Skyllingstad, T. Stanton, P. Sullivan, J. Sun, J. Trowbridge, D. Vickers, S. Wang, Q. Wang, R. Weller, J. Wilkin, D. Yu, and C. Zappa, 2007: The Coupled Boundary Layers and Air-Sea Transfer Experiment in Low Winds (CBLAST-LOW), Bull. Amer. Meteo. Soc., 88, 341- 356.

Edson, J., V. Jampana, R. Weller, S. Bigorre, A. Plueddemann, C. Fairall, S. Miller, L. Mahrt, D. Vickers, and H. Hersbach, 2013: On the exchange of momentum over the open ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 43, 1589-1610.

ESAS Decadal Survey for Earth Science and Applications from Space, 2018

Fairall, C., E. Bradley, J. Godfrey, G. Wick, J. Edson, and G. Young, 1996: Cool-skin and warm-layer effects on sea surface temperature. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 1295–1308.

Fairall, C., E. F. Bradley, J. Hare, A. Grachev, and J. Edson, 2003: Bulk parameterization of air-sea fluxes: Updates and verification for the COARE algorithm. J. Climate, 16, 571–591.

Fratantoni, P. S., and R. S. Pickart, 2007: The Western North Atlantic Shelfbreak Current System in Summer. J. Phys. Oceanogr, 37, 2509–2533.

Gelaro, R., W. McCarty, M. J. Suárez, R. Todling, A. Molod, L. Takacs, C. A. Randles, A. Darmenov, M. G. Bosilovich, R. Reichle, K. Wargan, L. Coy, R. Cullather, C. Draper, S. Akella, V. Buchard, A. Conaty, A. M. da Silva, W. Gu, G.-K. Kim, R. Koster, R. Lucchesi, D. Merkova, J. E. Nielsen, G. Partyka, S. Pawson, W. Putman, M. Rienecker; S. D. Schubert, M. Sienkiewicz, and B. Zhao, 2017: The Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, version 2 (MERRA-2). J. Climate, 30, 5419–5454.

Gentemann, C., C. A. Clayson, S. Brown, T. Lee, R. Parfitt, J. T. Farrar, M. Bourassa, P. J. Minnett, H. Seo, S. T. Gille, and V. Zlotnicki, 2020: Measuring the ocean-atmosphere turbulent exchange of heat and moisture from space. Remote Sensing, 12, 1796.

Gerbi, G. P., J. H. Trowbridge, J. B. Edson, A. J. Plueddemann, E. A. Terray, and J. J. Fredericks, 2008: Measurements of Momentum and Heat Transfer across the Air–Sea Interface. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 38, 1054–1072,

Grachev, A. A. E. L. Andreas, C. W. Fairall, P. S. Guest, P. O. G. Persson, 2013: The critical Richardson number and limits of applicability of local similarity theory in the stable boundary layer. Boundary-Layer Meteorol., 147, 51–82.

Hersbach, H, W. Bell, P. Berrisford, P, A. J. Horányi, , J. M. Sabater, J. Nicolas, R. Radu, D. Schepers, A. Simmons, C. Soci, and D. Dee, 2019: Global reanalysis: goodbye ERA-Interim, hello ERA5. ECMWF Newsletter, 159, 17-24.

Hirata, H., R. Kawamura, M. Kato, and T. Shinoda, 2016: Response of rapidly developing extratropical cyclones to sea surface temperature variations over the western Kuroshio-Oyashio confluence region. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos, 121, 3843–3858.

Hlywiak, J., and D. S. Nolan, 2019: The Influence of Oceanic Barrier Layers on Tropical Cyclone Intensity as Determined through Idealized, Coupled Numerical Simulations. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 49, 1723–1745.

Hong, S. Y., Y. Noh, and J. Dudhia, 2006: A new vertical diffusion package with an explicit treatment of entrainment processes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 134, 2318–2341.

Hoskins, B., and P. J. Valdes, 1990: On the existence of storm-tracks. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 1854-1864.

Hotta, D., and H. Nakamura, 2011: On the Significance of the Sensible Heat Supply from the Ocean in the Maintenance of the Mean Baroclinicity along Storm Tracks. J. Climate, 24, 3377–3401.

Janssen, P. A. E. M., 1991: Quasi-linear Theory of Wind-Wave Generation Applied to Wave Forecasting. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 21, 1631–1642.
Jiang, H., and J. B. Edson, 2020: Characterizing marine atmospheric boundary layer to support offshore wind energy research, J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 1452, 012027.

Jiménez, P. A., J. Dudhia, J. F. González-Rouco, J. Navarro, J. P. Montávez, and E. García-Bustamante, 2012: A Revised Scheme for the WRF Surface Layer Formulation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 140, 898–918.

Juliano, T. W., M. M. Coggon, G. Thompson, D. A. Rahn, J. H. Seinfeld, A. Sorooshian, and Z. J. Lebo, 2019: Marine Boundary Layer Clouds Associated with Coastally Trapped Disturbances: Observations and Model Simulations. J. Atmos. Sci., 76, 2963–2993.

Koračin, D. and Dorman, C.E., 2017. Marine fog: Challenges and Advancements in Observations, Modeling, and Forecasting. Springer International Publishing, San Diego, CA, USA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45229-6.

Lellouche, J.-M., O. Le Galloudec, M. Drévillon, C. Régnier, E. Greiner, G. Garric, N. Ferry, C. Desportes, C.-E. Testut, C. Bricaud, R. Bourdallé-Badie, B. Tranchant, M. Benkiran, Y. Drillet, A. Daudin, and C. De Nicola, 2013: Evaluation of global monitoring and forecasting systems at Mercator Océan, Ocean Sci., 9, 57–81.

Lionello, P., P. Malguzzi, and A. Buzzi, 1998: Coupling between the atmospheric circulation and ocean wave field: An idealized case. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 28, 161–177.

Loeb, N. G., N. Manalo-Smith, W. Su, M. Shankar, and S. Thomas, 2016: CERES top-of- atmosphere earth radiation budget climate data record: accounting for in-orbit changes in instrument calibration. Remote Sensing, 8, 182.

Lombardo, K., E. Sinsky, J. Edson, M. M. Whitney, and Y. Jia, 2018: Sensitivity of offshore surface fluxes and sea breezes to the spatial distribution of sea-surface temperature. Boundary-Layer Meteo., 166, 475-502.

Minobe, S., A. Kuwano-Yoshida, N. Komori, S.-P. Xie, R. J. Small, 2008: Influence of the Gulf Stream on the troposphere. Nature, 452, 206–209.

Marshall, J. and Coauthors, 2009: The Climode Field Campaign: Observing the Cycle of Convection and Restratification over the Gulf Stream. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 90, 1337–1350.

Nakamura, H., T. Sampe, Y. Tanimoto, and A. Shimpo, 2004. Observed asso- ciations among storm tracks, jet streams and midlatitude oceanic fronts. Earth’s Climate: The Ocean– Atmosphere Interaction, Geophys. Monogr., Vol. 147, Amer. Geophys. Union, 329–346.

Nakanishi, M., and H. Niino, 2004: An improved Mellor–Yamada level-3 model with condensation physics: Its design and verification. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 112, 1–31.

Nakanishi, M., and H. Niino, 2008: An improved Mellor–Yamada level-3 model: Its numerical stability and application to a regional prediction of advection fog. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 119, 397–407.

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018a: The Future of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Observing, Understanding, and Modeling: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/25138.

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018b: Thriving on Our Changing Planet: A Decadal Strategy for Earth Observation from Space. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/24938.

Parfitt, R., A. Czaja, S. Minobe, and A. Kuwano-Yoshida, 2016: The atmospheric frontal response to SST perturbations in the Gulf Stream region. Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 2299–2306.

Parfitt, R., and H. Seo, 2018: A New Framework for Near-Surface Wind Convergence over the Kuroshio Extension and Gulf Stream in Wintertime: The Role of Atmospheric Fronts. Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, 9909–9918.

Persson, O. G. P., C. W. Fairall, E. L. Andreas, P. S. Guest, and D. K. Perovich, 2002: Measurements near the Atmospheric Surface Flux Group tower at SHEBA: Near-surface conditions and surface energy budget. J. Geophys. Res., 107, 8045.

Peters‐Lidard, C. D., E. M. Kemp , T. Matsui , J A. Santanello Jr., S. V. Kumar, J. P. Jacob, T. Clune, W.-K. Tao, M. Chin, A. Hou, J. L. Case, D. Kim, K.-M. Kim, W. Lau, Y. Liu, J. Shi, D. Starr, Q. Tan, Z. Tao, B. F. Zaitchik, B. Zavodsky, S. Q. Zhang, M. Zupanski, 2015: Integrated modeling of aerosol, cloud, precipitation and land processes at satellite‐resolved scales with the NASA Unified‐Weather Research and Forecasting Model. Environ. Modell. Software, 67, 149–159.

Phillips, O. M., 1985. Spectral and statistical properties of the equilibrium range in wind- generated gravity waves. J. Fluid Mech., 156, 495–531.

Price, J. F., R. A. Weller, and R. Pinkel, 1986: Diurnal cycling: Observations and models of the upper ocean response to diurnal heating, cooling, and wind mixing. J. Geophys. Res., 91, 8411-8427.

Price, J. F., T. B. Sanford, and G. Z. Forristall, 1994: Forced Stage Response to a Moving Hurricane. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 24, 233–260.

Putrasahan, D., A. J. Miller, and H. Seo, 2013a: Regional coupled ocean-atmosphere downscaling in the Southeast Pacific: Impacts on upwelling, mesoscale air-sea fluxes, and ocean eddies. Ocean Dynm., 63, 463-488.

Putrasahan, D., A. J. Miller, H. Seo, 2013b: Isolating Mesoscale Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions in the Kuroshio Extension Region. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans., 63, 60-78.

Renault, L., M. J. Molemaker, J. C. McWilliams, A. F. Shchepetkin, F. Lemaré, D. Chelton, S. Illig, A. Hall, 2016a: Modulation of wind work by oceanic current interaction with the atmosphere. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 46, 1685–1704.

Renault, L., M. J. Molemaker, J. Gula, S. Masson, and J. C. McWilliams, 2016b: Control and stabilization of the Gulf Stream by oceanic current interaction with the atmosphere. J. Phys. Oceanogr, 46, 3439–3453

Renault, L., J. C. McWilliams, and P. Penven, 2017: Modulation of the Agulhas Current retroflection and leakage by oceanic current interaction with the atmosphere in coupled simulations. J. Phys. Oceanogr, 47, 2077–2100.

Renault, L., P. Marchesiello, S. Masson, and J. C. McWilliams, 2019: Remarkable control of western boundary currents by Eddy Killing, a mechanical air-sea coupling process. Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 2743–2751.

Rossow, W. B.: Climate Data Record Program (CDRP): Climate Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (C-ATBD) International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) H-Series, CDRP- ATBD-0872, Asheville, North Carolina, USA, 179 pp., 2017.

Seo, H., M. Jochum, R. Murtugudde and A. J. Miller, 2006: Effect of Ocean Mesoscale Variability on the Mean State of Tropical Atlantic Climate. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L09606.

Seo, H.A. J. Miller and J. O. Roads, 2007a: The Scripps Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Regional (SCOAR) model, with applications in the eastern Pacific sector. J. Climate, 20, 381-402.

Seo, H., M. Jochum, R. Murtugudde, A. J. Miller, and J. O. Roads, 2007b: Feedback of Tropical Instability Wave – induced Atmospheric Variability onto the Ocean. J. Climate, 20, 5842-5855.

Seo, H., R. Murtugudde, M. Jochum, and A. J. Miller, 2008a: Modeling of Mesoscale Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction and its Feedback to Ocean in the Western Arabian Sea. Ocean Modell., 25, 120-131.

Seo, H., M. Jochum, R. Murtugudde, A. J. Miller, and J. O. Roads, 2008b: Precipitation from African Easterly Waves in a Coupled Model of the Tropical Atlantic. J. Climate, 21, 1417-1431.

Seo, H., S.-P. Xie, R. Murtugudde, M. Jochum, and A. J. Miller, 2009: Seasonal effects of Indian Ocean freshwater forcing in a regional coupled model. J. Climate, 22, 6577-6596.

Seo, H. and S.-P. Xie, 2013: Impact of ocean warm layer thickness on the intensity of hurricane Katrina in a regional coupled model. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 122, 19-32.

Seo, H., A. C. Subramanian, A. J. Miller, and N. R. Cavanaugh, 2014: Coupled impacts of the diurnal cycle of sea surface temperature on the Madden-Julian Oscillation. J. Climate, 27, 8422-8443.

Seo, H., A. J. Miller, and J. R. Norris, 2016: Eddy-wind interaction in the California Current System: dynamics and impacts, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 46, 439-459.

Seo, H., Y.-O. Kwon, T. M. Joyce, and C. C. Ummenhofer, 2017: On the predominant nonlinear response of the extratropical atmosphere to meridional shift of the Gulf Stream. J. Climate, 30, 9679-9702.

Seo, H., 2017: Distinct influence of air-sea interactions mediated by mesoscale sea surface temperature and surface current in the Arabian Sea. J. Climate, 30, 8061-8079.

Seo, H., A. C. Subramanian, H. Song, and J. S. Chowdary, 2019: Coupled effects of ocean current on wind stress in the Bay of Bengal: Eddy energetics and upper ocean stratification. Deep-Sea Res. II, 168, 104617.

Shchepetkin, A. F. and J. C. McWilliams, 2005: The regional oceanic modeling system (ROMS): A split-explicit, free-surface, topography-following-coordinate ocean model. Ocean Modell., 9, 347–404.

Small, R. J., S. de Szoeke, S-. P. Xie, L. O’Neill, H. Seo, Q. Song, P. Cornillon, M. Spall, and S. Minobe, 2008: Air-Sea Interaction over Ocean Fronts and Eddies. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 45, 274-319.

Small, R. J.,R. A. Tomas, and F. O. Bryan, 2014: Storm track response to ocean fronts in a global high-resolution climate model. Clim. Dyn., 43, 805–828.

Small, R. J., E. Curchitser, K. Hedstrom, B. Kauffman, and W. G. Large, 2015: The Benguela Upwelling System: Quantifying the Sensitivity to Resolution and Coastal Wind Representation in a Global Climate Model. J. Climate, 28, 9409–9432.

Sullivan, P. P., J. C. McWilliams, and E. G. Patton, 2014: Large-eddy simulation of marine boundary layers above a spectrum of moving waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 71, 4001–4027.

Sullivan, P. P., M. L. Banner, R. P. Morison, and W. L. Peirson, 2018: Turbulent Flow over Steep Steady and Unsteady Waves under Strong Wind Forcing. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 48, 3–27.

Wahle, K., J. Staneva, W. Koch, L. Fenoglio-Marc, H. T. M. Ho-Hagemann, and E. V. Stanev, 2017: An atmosphere–wave regional coupled model: improving predictions of wave heights and surface winds in the southern North Sea. Ocean Sci., 13, 289–301.

Warner, J. C., B. Armstrong, R. He, and J. B. Zambon, 2010: Development of a coupled ocean-atmosphere-wave-sediment transport (COAWST) modeling system, Ocean Model., 35, 230–244.
Wyngaard, J. C., 1983: On surface layer turbulence. Workshop on Micrometeorology., D. A. Haugen, Ed. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 101-149.

Yoo, J., J. A. Santanello, J. M. Shepherd, A. Thomas, S. V. Kumar, and P. M. Lawston, Quantification of the land surface and Brown Ocean influence on tropical cyclone intensification over land. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 21, 1171-1192.

2020 ONR Arterx
Ardhuin, F., S. T. Gille, D. Menemenlis, C. B. Rocha, N. Rascle, B. Chapron, J. Gula, and J. Molemaker, 2017: Small-scale open ocean currents have large effects on wind wave heights. J. Geophys. Res.—Oceans, 122, 4500–4517
Boccaletti, G., R. Ferrari, and B. Fox-Kemper, 2007: Mixed layer instabilities and restratification. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 37, 2228-2250.
Chelton, D. B., M. G. Schlax, M. H. Freilich, and R. F. Milliff, 2004: Satellite measurements reveal persistent small-scale features in ocean winds. Science, 303, 978-983.
D’Asaro, E, C. Lee, L. Rainville, R. Harcourt, and L. Thomas, 2011: Enhanced Turbulence and Energy Dissipation at Ocean Fronts, Science, 332, 318-322.
D’Asaro, E. , J. Thomson, A. Shcherbina, R. Harcourt, M. Cronin, M. Hemer, B. Fox-Kemper, 2014: Quantifying upper ocean turbulence driven by surface waves, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 102–107.
Edson, J. B., V. Jampana, R. A. Weller, S. Bigorre, A. J. Plueddemann, C. W. Fairall, S. D. Miller, L. Mahrt, D. Vickers, and H. Hersbach, 2013: On the exchange of momentum over the open ocean, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 43, 1589–1610.
Ferrari, R., 2011: A frontal challenge for climate models, Science, 332, 316-317.
Fox-Kemper, B., R. Ferrari, and R. Hallberg, 2008: Parameterization of mixed layer eddies. I: Theory and diagnosis. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 38, 1145-1165.
Haine, T. W. N., and J. Marshall, 1998: Gravitational, Symmetric, and Baroclinic Instability of the Ocean Mixed Layer. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 28, 634–658
Mahadevan, A., A. Tandon, 2006: An analysis of mechanisms for submesoscale vertical motion at ocean fronts. Ocean Modell., 14, 241-256.
Kantha, L.H. and C. A. Clayson, 2004: On the effect of surface gravity waves on mixing in an oceanic mixed layer model. Ocean Modell, 6, 101-124.
Lorenz, E. 1960: Generation of available potential energy and the intensity of the general circulation. In R. L. Pfeffer (Ed.), Dynamics of climate (pp. 86–92). Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Renault, L., J. C. McWilliams, and J. Gula, 2018: Dampening of submesoscale currents by air-sea stress coupling in the Californian upwelling system. Sci. Rep., 8, 13388.
Renault, L., P. Marchesiello, S. Masson, J. McWilliams, 2019: Remarkable control of western boundary currents by Eddy Killing, a mechanical air-sea coupling process. Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 2743– 2751.
Seo, H., A. J. Miller, and J. R. Norris, 2016: Eddy-wind interaction in the California Current System: dynamics and impacts, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 46, 439-459.
Seo, H., 2017: Distinct influence of air-sea interactions mediated by mesoscale sea surface temperature and surface current in the Arabian Sea. J. Climate, 30, 8061-8079.
Seo, H., A. C. Subramanian, H. Song, and J. S. Chowdary, 2019: Coupled effects of ocean current on wind stress in the Bay of Bengal: Eddy energetics and upper ocean stratification. Deep-Sea Res. II, 168, 104617.
Song, H., J. Marshall, D. J. McGillicuddy Jr., H. Seo, 2020: The impact of the current-wind interaction on the vertical processes in the Southern Ocean. J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 125, e2020JC016046.
Thomas, L., and C. Lee, 2005: Intensification of ocean fronts by down front winds, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 35, 1086–1102.
Thomson, J., A. Horner-Devine, S. Zippel, C. Rusch, W. Geyer, 2014: Wave breaking turbulence at the offshore front of the Columbia river plume. Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 8987–8993.

2021 NSF PO
Aligo, E. A., W. A. Gallus Jr., and M. Segal, 2009: On the impact of WRF model vertical grid resolution on Midwest summer rainfall forecasts. Wea. Forecasting, 24, 575–594.

Ardhuin, F., S. T. Gille, D. Menemenlis, C. B. Rocha, N. Rascle, B. Chapron, J. Gula, and J. Molemaker, 2017: Small‐scale open ocean currents have large effects on wind wave heights. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 122, 4500– 4517.

*Bartusek, S., H. Seo, C. C. Ummenhofer, and J. D. Steffen, 2021: The role of nearshore air-sea interactions for landfalling atmospheric rivers on the U.S. West Coast. Geophys. Res. Lett., 48, e2020GL091388.

Booth, J. F., L. Thompson, J. Patoux, and K. A. Kelly, 2012: Sensitivity of Midlatitude Storm Intensification to Perturbations in the Sea Surface Temperature Near the Gulf Stream. Mon. Wea. Rev., 140, 1241–1256.

Brayshaw, D. J., B. Hoskins, and M. Blackburn, 2009: The Basic Ingredients of the North Atlantic Storm Track. Part I: Land–Sea Contrast and Orography. J. Atmos. Sci., 66, 2539–2558.

Cai, M., S. Yang, H. M. van den Dool, and V. E. Kousky, 2007: Dynamical implications of the orientation of atmospheric eddies: A local energetics perspective. Tellus-A, 59, 127–140.

Cavaleri, L., B. Fox-Kemper, and M. Hemer, 2012: Wind waves in the coupled climate system. Bull. Amer. Meteo. Soc., 93, 1651–1661.

Charnock, H., 1955: Wind stress on a water surface. Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc., 81, 639–640.

Chen, S. S., J. F. Price, W. Zhao, M. A. Donelan, and E. J. Walsh, 2007: The CBLAST-Hurricane program and the next-generation fully coupled atmosphere-wave-ocean models for hurricane research and prediction. Bull. Amer. Meteo. Soc., 88, 311–317.

Chen, S. S., W. Zhao, M. A. Donelan, and H. L. Tolman, 2013: Directional wind–wave coupling in fully coupled atmosphere–wave–ocean models: Results from CBLAST-Hurricane. J. Atmos. Sci., 70, 3198–3215.

Chelton, D. B., M. G. Schlax, M. H. Freilich, and R. F. Milliff, 2004: Satellite measurements reveal persistent small-scale features in ocean winds. Science, 303, 978–983.

Clayson, C. A., and J. B. Edson, 2019: Diurnal surface flux variability over western boundary currents. Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 9174– 9182.

Clayson, C. A. and J. B. Roberts, 2021: SeaFlux V3: An updated satellite-based data set of ocean- atmosphere turbulent fluxes. Remote Sensing, submitted.

Crofoot, R. F., 2004: Investigations of scalar transfer coefficients in fog during the Coupled Boundary Layers and Air-Sea Transfer experiment: A case study, M.S. Thesis, WHOI/MIT Joint Program.

Csanady, G. T., 2001: Air-Sea Interaction: Laws and Mechanisms. Cambridge University Press, 239 pp., https://doi.org/10.1017/ CBO9781139164672.

Cummings, J. A., 2005: Operational multivariate ocean data assimilation. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 131, 3583–3604.

Czaja, A., and N. Blunt, 2011: A new mechanism for ocean–atmosphere coupling in midlatitudes. Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc., 137, 1095–1101.

Davis, C. A., and K. A. Emanuel, 1988: Observational Evidence for the Influence of Surface Heat Fluxes on Rapid Maritime Cyclogenesis, Mon. Wea. Rev., 116, 2649-2659.

Davis, C., W. Wang, S. S. Chen, Y. Chen, K. Corbosiero, M. DeMaria, J. Dudhia, G. Holland, J. Klemp, J. Michalakes, H. Reeves, R. Rotunno, C. Snyder, Cand Q. Xiao, 2008L Prediction of Landfalling Hurricanes with the Advanced Hurricane WRF Model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 136, 1990-2005.

Dawe, J. T., and L. Thompson, 2006: Effect of ocean surface currents on wind stress, heat flux, and wind power input to the ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L09604.

Deskos, G., J. C. Y Lee, C. Draxl, and M. A. Sprague, 2021: Review of wind-wave coupling models for large-eddy simulation of the marine atmospheric boundary layer, J. Atmos. Sci., in press. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-21-0003.1.

Donelan, M., 1990: Air-Sea Interaction, in B. LeMéhauté and D. M. Hanes (eds.), The Sea, Vol. 9A, J. Wiley, New York, 239–292.

Donelan, M. A., B. K. Haus, N. Reul, W. J. Plant, M. Stiassnie, H. C. Graber, O. B. Brown, and E. S. Saltzman, 2004: On the limiting aerodynamic roughness of the ocean in very strong winds, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L18306

Edson, J. B., and C. W. Fairall, 1998: Similarity relationships in the marine atmospheric surface layer for terms in the TKE and scalar variance budgets. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 2311- 2328.

Emanuel, K. A., M. Fantini, and A. J. Thorpe, 1987: Baroclinic instability in an environment of small stability to slantwise moist convection. Part I: Two-dimensional models. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 1559–1573.

ESAS Decadal Survey for Earth Science and Applications from Space, 2018

Fairall, C., E. Bradley, J. Godfrey, G. Wick, J. Edson, and G. Young, 1996: Cool-skin and warm-layer effects on sea surface temperature. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 1295–1308.

Fairall, C., E. F. Bradley, J. Hare, A. Grachev, and J. Edson, 2003: Bulk parameterization of air-sea fluxes: Updates and verification for the COARE algorithm. J. Climate, 16, 571–591.

Fernando, H. J. S., Gultepe, I., Dorman, C., Pardyjak, E., Wang, Q., Hoch, S. W., Richter, D., Creegan, E., Gaberšek, S., Bullock, T., Hocut, C., Chang, R., Alappattu, D., Dimitrova, R., Flagg, D., Grachev, A., Krishnamurthy, R., Singh, D. K., Lozovatsky, I., Nagare, B., Sharma, A., Wagh, S., Wainwright, C., Wroblewski, M., Yamaguchi, R., Bardoel, S., Coppersmith, R. S., Chisholm, N., Gonzalez, E., Gunawardena, N., Hyde, O., Morrison, T., Olson, A., Perelet, A., Perrie, W., Wang, S., and Wauer, B., 2021: C-FOG: Life of Coastal Fog, Bull. Amer. Meteo. Soc, 102, E244-E272.

Hanley, K. E., S. E. Belcher, and P. P. Sullivan, 2010: A global climatology of wind wave interaction, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 40, 1263–1282

Hirata, H., and M. Nonaka, 2021: Impacts of strong warm ocean currents on development of extratropical cyclones through the warm and cold conveyor belts: A review. Elsevier, 9780128181577, 267-293 pp., doi:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ B9780128181560000149.

Hirata, H., R. Kawamura, M. Nonaka, and K. Tsuboki, 2019: Significant impact of heat supply from the Gulf Stream on a “superbomb” cyclone in January 2018. Geophys. Res. Lett. 46, 7718–7725.

Hong, S.-Y., Y. Noh, and J. Dudhia, 2006: A new vertical diffusion package with an explicit treatment of entrainment processes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 134, 2318–2341.

Hoskins, B., and P. J. Valdes, 1990: On the existence of storm-tracks. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 1854-1864.

Janssen, P. A. E. M., 1991: Quasi-linear Theory of Wind-Wave Generation Applied to Wave Forecasting. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 21, 1631–1642.

Jiménez, P. A., J. Dudhia, J. F. González-Rouco, J. Navarro, J. P. Montávez, and E. García-Bustamante, 2012: A Revised Scheme for the WRF Surface Layer Formulation, Mon. Wea. Rev., 140, 898-918.

Kantha, L. H. and C. A. Clayson, 2004. On the effect of surface gravity waves on mixing in an oceanic mixed layer model. Ocean Modell, 6, 101-124.

Lau, K.-H., and N.-C. Lau, 1992: The energetics and propagation dynamics of tropical summer- time synoptic-scale disturbances. J. Climate, 120, 2523–2539.

Lee, R. W., T. J. Woollings, B. J. Hoskins, K. D. Williams, C. H. O’Reilly, and G. Masato, 2018: Impact of Gulf Stream SST biases on the global atmospheric circulation. Clim Dyn., 51, 3369–3387.

Ma, X., P. Chang, R. Saravanan, R. Montuoro, H. Nakamura, D. Wu, X. Lin, and L. Wu, 2017: Importance of Resolving Kuroshio Front and Eddy Influence in Simulating the North Pacific Storm Track, J. Climate, 30, 1861-1880.

Marshall, J. and R. Ferrari, G. Forget, G. Maze, A. Andersson, N. Bates, W. Dewar, S. Doney, D. Fratantoni, T. Joyce, F. Straneo, J. Toole, R. Weller, J. Edson, M. Gregg, K. Kelly, S. Lozier, J. Palter, R. Lumpkin, R. Samelson, E. Skyllingstad, K. Silverthorne, L. Talley, and L. Thomas, 2009: The Climode Field Campaign: Observing the Cycle of Convection and Restratification over the Gulf Stream. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 90, 1337–1350.

McWilliams, J. C. and B. Fox-Kemper, 2013: Oceanic wave-balanced surface fronts and filaments. J. Fluid Mech., 730, 464-490.

Minobe, S., A. Kuwano-Yoshida, N. Komori, S.-P. Xie, and R. J. Small, 2008: Influence of the Gulf Stream on the troposphere. Nature, 452, 206–209.

Nakamura, H., and A. Shimpo, 2004: Seasonal Variations in the Southern Hemisphere Storm Tracks and Jet Streams as Revealed in a Reanalysis Dataset. J. Climate, 17, 1828–1844.

Nakamura, H., T. Sampe, Y. Tanimoto, and A. Shimpo, 2004. Observed associations among storm tracks, jet streams and midlatitude oceanic fronts. Earth’s Climate: The Ocean– Atmosphere Interaction, Geophys. Monogr., Vol. 147, Amer. Geophys. Union, 329–346.

Nakanishi, M., and H. Niino, 2004: An improved Mellor–Yamada level-3 model with condensation physics: Its design and verification. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 112, 1–31.

Nakanishi, M., and H. Niino, 2008: An improved Mellor–Yamada level-3 model: Its numerical stability and application to a regional prediction of advection fog. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 119, 397–407.

O’Neill, L. W., T. Haack, D. B. Chelton, and E. Skyllingstad, 2017: The Gulf Stream conver- gence zone in the time-mean winds. J. Climate, 74, 2383–2412.

Oost, W. A., G. J. Komen, C. M. J. Jacobs, C. Van Oort, 2002: New evidence for a relation between wind stress and wave age from measurements during ASGAMAGE. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 103, 409–438.

Parfitt, R., A. Czaja, S. Minobe, and A. Kuwano-Yoshida, 2016: The atmospheric frontal response to SST perturbations in the Gulf Stream region, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 2299–2306.
Park, K.-A., and P. C. Cornillon, 2002: Stability-induced modification of sea surface winds over Gulf Stream rings. Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 2211.

Park, K.-A., and P. Cornillon, 2002: Stability-induced modification of sea surface winds over Gulf Stream rings, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 2211.

Patton, E. G., P. P. Sullivan, B. Kosović, J. Dudhia, L. Mahrt, M. Žagar, and T. Marić, 2019: On the Influence of Swell Propagation Angle on Surface Drag, J. Appl. Meteor Climatol., 58, 1039-1059.

Phillips, O. M., 1985: Spectral and statistical properties of the equilibrium rage in wind-generated gravity waves. J. Fluid. Mech., 156, 505-531.

Pleim, J. E., 2007: A Combined Local and Nonlocal Closure Model for the Atmospheric Boundary Layer. Part I: Model Description and Testing, J. Appl. Meteor Climatol, 46, 1383-1395.

Porchetta, S., O. Temel, J. Warner, D. Munoz-Esparza, J. Monbaliu, J. van Beeck, and N. van Lipzig, 2021: Evaluation of a roughness length parametrization accounting for wind–wave alignment in a coupled atmosphere–wave model. Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc, 147, 825–846.

Putrasahan, D., A. J. Miller, H. Seo, 2013b: Isolating Mesoscale Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions in the Kuroshio Extension Region. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans., 63, 60-78.

Renault, L., M. J. Molemaker, J. Gula, S. Masson, and J. C. McWilliams, 2016: Control and stabilization of the Gulf Stream by oceanic current interaction with the atmosphere. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 46, 3439–3453.

Renault, L., P. Marchesiellio, S. Masson, and J. C. McWilliams, 2019: Remarkable Control of Western Boundary Currents by Eddy Killing, a Mechanical Air-Sea Coupling Process. Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 2743–2751.

Rieder, K. F., J. A. Smith, and R. A. Weller, 1994: Observed directional characteristics of the wind, wind stress, and surface waves on the open ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 99, 22 589–22 596.

Romero, L., D. Hypolite, and J. C. McWilliams, 2020: Submesoscale current effects on surface waves. Ocean Modell., 153, 101662

Rossow, W. B., 2017: Climate Data Record Program (CDRP): Climate Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (C-ATBD) International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) H-Series, CDRP- ATBD-0872, Asheville, North Carolina, USA, 179 pp.

Sampe, T., and S.-P. Xie, 2007: Mapping high sea winds from space: A global climatology. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 88, 1965–1978.

* Seo, H., H. Song, L. W. O’Neill, M. R. Mazloff, and B. D. Cornuelle, 2021: Impacts of ocean currents on the South Indian Ocean extratropical storm track through the relative wind effect. J. Climate, Revised.

Seo, H., M. Jochum, R. Murtugudde and A. J. Miller, 2006: Effect of Ocean Mesoscale Variability on the Mean State of Tropical Atlantic Climate. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L09606.

Seo, H.A. J. Miller and J. O. Roads, 2007a: The Scripps Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Regional (SCOAR) model, with applications in the eastern Pacific sector. J. Climate, 20, 381-402.

Seo, H., M. Jochum, R. Murtugudde, A. J. Miller, and J. O. Roads, 2007b: Feedback of Tropical Instability Wave – induced Atmospheric Variability onto the Ocean. J. Climate, 20, 5842-5855.

Seo, H., M. Jochum, R. Murtugudde, A. J. Miller, and J. O. Roads, 2008b: Precipitation from African Easterly Waves in a Coupled Model of the Tropical Atlantic. J. Climate, 21, 1417-1431.

Seo, H., S.-P. Xie, R. Murtugudde, M. Jochum, and A. J. Miller, 2009: Seasonal effects of Indian Ocean freshwater forcing in a regional coupled model. J. Climate, 22, 6577-6596.

Seo, H. and S.-P. Xie, 2013: Impact of ocean warm layer thickness on the intensity of hurricane Katrina in a regional coupled model. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 122, 19-32.

Seo, H., A. C. Subramanian, A. J. Miller, and N. R. Cavanaugh, 2014b: Coupled impacts of the diurnal cycle of sea surface temperature on the Madden-Julian Oscillation. J. Climate, 27, 8422-8443.

Seo, H., A. J. Miller, and J. R. Norris, 2016: Eddy-wind interaction in the California Current System: dynamics and impacts, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 46, 439-459.

Seo, H., Y.-O. Kwon, T. M. Joyce, and C. C. Ummenhofer, 2017: On the predominant nonlinear response of the extratropical atmosphere to meridional shift of the Gulf Stream. J. Climate, 30, 9679-9702.

Seo, H., 2017: Distinct influence of air-sea interactions mediated by mesoscale sea surface temperature and surface current in the Arabian Sea. J. Climate, 30, 8061-8079.

Seo, H., H. Song, L. W. O’Neill, M. R. Mazloff, and B. D. Cornuelle, 2021: Impacts of ocean currents on the South Indian Ocean extratropical storm track through the relative wind effect. J. Climate, Revision submitted.

Shchepetkin, A. F. and J. C. McWilliams, 2005: The regional oceanic modeling system (ROMS): A split-explicit, free-surface, topography-following-coordinate ocean model. Ocean Modell., 9, 347–404.

Sheldon, L., A. Czaja, B. Vanniere, C. Morcrette, B. Sohet, M. Casado, and D. Smith, 2017: A warm path to Gulf Stream–troposphere interactions. Tellus, 69, 1–13.

Shi, Q. and M. A. Bourassa, 2019. Coupling Ocean Currents and Waves with Wind Stress over the Gulf Stream. Remote Sens., 11, 1476.

Shin, H. H., S. Hong, and J. Dudhia, 2012: Impacts of the Lowest Model Level Height on the Performance of Planetary Boundary Layer Parameterizations, Mon. Wea. Rev, 140, 664-682

Small, R. J., S. de Szoeke, S.-. P. Xie, L. O’Neill, H. Seo, Q. Song, P. Cornillon, M. Spall, and S. Minobe, 2008: Air-Sea Interaction over Ocean Fronts and Eddies. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 45, 274-319.

Small, R. J., R. Msadek, Y. Kwon, J. F. Booth, and C. Zarzycki, 2019: Atmosphere surface storm track response to resolved ocean mesoscale in two sets of global climate model experiments. Climate Dyn., 52, 2067–2089.

Song, Q., P. Cornillon, and T. Hara, 2006: Surface wind response to oceanic fronts. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans., 111, C12006.

Sullivan, P. P., J. C. McWilliams, and E. G. Patton, 2014: Large-eddy simulation of marine boundary layers above a spectrum of moving waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 71, 4001-4027.

Sullivan, P. P., M. L. Banner, R. P. Morison, and W. L. Peirson, 2018: Turbulent Flow over Steep Steady and Unsteady Waves under Strong Wind Forcing. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 48, 3–27.

*Sun, R., A. C. Subramanian, B. D. Cornuelle, M. R. Mazloff, A. J. Miller, F. M. Ralph, H. Seo, and I. Hoteit, 2021: The role of air–sea interactions in atmospheric river events: Case studies using the SKRIPS regional coupled model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmosphere, 126, e2020JD032885.

Suzuki, N., B. Fox-Kemper, P. E. Hamlington, and L. P. Van Roekel, 2016: Surface waves affect frontogenesis. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 121, 3597–3624.

Suzuki, N., 2019: On the physical mechanisms of the two-way coupling between a surface wave field and a circulation consisting of a roll and streak. J. Fluid Mech., 881, 906–950.

Sweet, W., R. Fett, J. Kerling, P. La Violette, 1981: Air–sea interaction effects in the lower troposphere across the north wall of the Gulf Stream. Mon. Wea. Rev. 109, 1042–1052.

Takatama, K., and N. Schneider, 2017: The Role of Back Pressure in the Atmospheric Response to Surface Stress Induced by the Kuroshio. J. Atmos. Sci., 74, 597–615.

Thomson, J., A. Horner-Devine, S. Zippel, C. Rusch, W. Geyer, 2014: Wave breaking turbulence at the offshore front of the Columbia river plume. Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 8987–8993.

Todd, R. E., 2020: Export of Middle Atlantic Bight shelf waters near Cape Hatteras from two years of underwater glider observations. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 125, e2019JC016006.

Tolman, H. L., B. Balasubramaniyan, L. D. Burroughs, D. V. Chalikov, Y. Y. Chao, H. S. Chen, and V. M. Gerald, 2002: Development and implementation of wind generated ocean surface wave models at NCEP. Wea. Forecasting, 17, 311-333.

Tolman, H. L., J. H. G. M. Alves and Y. Y. Chao, 2004: A review of operational forecasting of wind generated waves by hurricane Isabel at NCEP. NOAA / NWS / NCEP / MMAB Technical Note Nr. 235, 45 pp

Tolman, H. L., 2009: User manual and documentation of WAVEWATCH III version 3.14. NOAA/NWS/NCEP/MMAB Tech. Note 276, 219 pp.
Vagle, S., J. Gemmrich, and H. Czerski, 2012: Effect of upper ocean stratification on turbulence and optically active bubbles. J. Geophys. Res., 117, C00H16.
Vannière, B., A. C. H. Dacre, and T. Woollings, 2017: A “cold path” for the Gulf Stream–troposphere connection. J. Climate, 30, 1363–1379.
Villas Bôas, A. B., B. D. Cornuelle, M. R. Mazloff, S. T. Gille, and F. Ardhuin, 2020b: Wave–Current Interactions at Meso- and Submesoscales: Insights from Idealized Numerical Simulations, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 50, 3483-3500.
Villas Bôas, A., and W. Young, 2020a: Directional diffusion of surface gravity wave action by ocean macroturbulence. J. Fluid Mech., 890, R3.
Warner, J. C., C. R. Sherwood, H. G. Arango, and R. P. Signell, 2005: Performance of four turbulence closure methods implemented using a generic length scale method, Ocean Modelling, 8, 81-113.
Zhang, W., and D. J. McGillicuddy, Jr., 2020: Warm Spiral Streamers over Gulf Stream Warm-Core Rings, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 50, 3331-3351
Zippel, S. and J. Thomson, 2017: Surface wave breaking over sheared currents: Observations from the mouth of the Columbia river. J. Geophys. Res— Oceans, 122, 3311–3328.

Zippel, S. F., J. Thomson, and G. Farquharson, 2018: Turbulence from breaking surface waves at a river mouth. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 48, 435–453.
Zou, Z., J. Song, P. Li, J. Huang, J. A. Zhang, Z. Wan, and S. Li, 2019: Effects of swell waves on atmospheric boundary layer turbulence: A low wind field study. J. Geophy. Res. Oceans, 124, 5671-5685.

2021 NOAA CVP TPOS2
An, S., 2008: Interannual Variations of the Tropical Ocean Instability Wave and ENSO, J. Climate, 21, 3680-3686.
Ando, K., and M. J. McPhaden, 1997: Variability of surface layer hydrography in the tropical Pacific Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 23,063–23,078.
Ahuin, F., B. Chapron, and F. Collard. 2009: Observation of swell dissipation across oceans, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L06607.
Ardhuin F., and A. Jenkins 2006: On the Interaction of surface waves and upper ocean turbulence. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 33, 551-557.
Ardhuin, F., S. T. Gille, D. Menemenlis, C. B. Rocha, N. Rascle, B. Chapron, J. Gula, and J. Molemaker, 2017: Small‐scale open ocean currents have large effects on wind wave heights. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 122, 4500– 4517.
Babanin, A. V., 2006: On a wave-induced turbulence and a wave-mixed upper ocean layer, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L20605.
Bellucci, A., Athanasiadis, P., Scoccimarro, E., Ruggieri, P., Gualdi, S., Fedele, R., Haarsma, R. J., Garcia-Serrano, J., Castrillo, M., Putrasahan, D., Sanchez-Gomez E., Moine, M.-P., Roberts, C. D.,Roberts, M. J., Seddon, J., and Vidale, P. L. 2021: Air-Sea interaction over the Gulf Stream in an ensemble of HighResMIP present climate simulations. Clim Dyn., 56, 2093–2111.
Bishop SP, Small RJ, Bryan FO, Tomas RA, 2017: Scale dependence of mid-latitude air–sea interaction. J. Climate, 30, 8207–8221.
Bony, S., Stevens, B., Ament, F. and Co-authors, 2017: EUREC4A: A Field Campaign to Elucidate the Couplings Between Clouds, Convection and Circulation. Surv Geophys., 38, 1529–1568.
Bosc, C., T. Delcroix, and C. Maes, 2009: Barrier layer variability in the western Pacific warm pool from 2000 to 2007, J. Geophys. Res., 114, C06023.
Brown, J. N., C. Langlais, and A. Sen Gupta, 2015: Projected sea surface temperature changes in the equatorial pacific relative to the warm pool edge. Deep-Sea Res. II, 113, 47-58.
Charnock, H., 1955: Wind stress on a water surface. Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc., 81, 639–640.
Chen, G., B. Chapron, R. Ezraty, and D. Vandemark: 2002: A global view of swell and wind sea climate in the ocean by satellite altimeter and scatterometer. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 19, 1849-1859.
Chen, S. S., W. Zhao, M. A. Donelan, and H. L. Tolman, 2013: Directional wind–wave coupling in fully coupled atmosphere–wave–ocean models: Results from CBLAST-Hurricane. J. Atmos. Sci., 70, 3198–3215.
Cravatte, S., W. S. Kessler, N. Smith, S. E. Wijffels, and Contributing Authors, 2016: First Report of TPOS 2020. GOOS-215, 200 pp. [Available online at http://tpos2020.org/first-report/.] Cronin, M. F., and W. S. Kessler, 2002: Seasonal and interannual modulation of mixed layer variability at 0°, 110°W, Deep Sea Res., Part I, 49, 1–17.
Csanady, G. T., 2001: Air-Sea Interaction: Laws and Mechanisms. Cambridge University Press, 239 pp., https://doi.org/10.1017/ CBO9781139164672.
Chelton, D. B., and S.K. Esbensen, M.G. Schlax, N. Thum, M. H. Freilich, F. J. Wentz, C. L. Gentemann, M.J. McPhaden, and P S. Schopf, 2001: Observations of coupling between surface wind stress and sea surface temperature in the eastern tropical Pacific. J. Climate, 14, 1479-1498.
Czaja, A., C. Frankignoul, S. Minobe, and B. Vannière, 2019: Simulating the Midlatitude Atmospheric Circulation: What Might We Gain From High-Resolution Modeling of Air-Sea Interactions? Curr. Clim. Change Rep., 5, 390–406.
Delcroix, T., and J. Picaut, 1998: Zonal displacement of the western equatorial Pacific fresh pool, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 1087–1098.
Deser, C., J. J. Bates, and S. Wahl, 1993: The influence of sea surface temperature gradients on stratiform cloudiness along the equatorial front in the Pacific Ocean. J. Climate, 6, 1172– 1180.
Donelan, M., 1990: Air-Sea Interaction, in B. LeMéhauté and D. M. Hanes (eds.), The Sea, Vol. 9A, J. Wiley, New York, 239–292.
Dong, J., Fox-Kemper, B., Zhu, J., and Dong, C., 2021: Application of symmetric instability parameterization in the Coastal and Regional Ocean Community Model (CROCO). J. Adv. Modeling Earth Syst., 13, e2020MS002302
Drushka, K., J. Sprintall, and S. T. Gille, 2014: Subseasonal variations in salinity and barrier-layer thickness in the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 119, 805–823.
Edson, J., V. Jampana, R. Weller, S. Bigorre, A. Plueddemann, C. Fairall, S. Miller, L. Mahrt, D. Vickers, and H. Hersbach, 2013: On the exchange of momentum over the open ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 43, 1589-1610.
Fairall, C., E. Bradley, J. Godfrey, G. Wick, J. Edson, and G. Young, 1996: Cool-skin and warm-layer effects on sea surface temperature. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 1295–1308.
Fairall, C., E. F. Bradley, J. Hare, A. Grachev, and J. Edson, 2003: Bulk parameterization of air-sea fluxes: Updates and verification for the COARE algorithm. J. Climate, 16, 571–591.
Grachev, A. A., and C. W. Fairall, 2001: Upward momentum transfer in the marine boundary layer, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 31, 1698–1711.
Haidvogel, D. B., H. G. Arango, K. Hedstrom, A. Beckmann, P. Malanotte-Rizzoli, and A. F. Shchepetkin, 2000: Model evaluation experiments in the North Atlantic Basin: Simulations in nonlinear terrain-following coordinates. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 32, 239–281.
Hanley, K.E., S.E. Belcher, and P.R. Sullivan, 2010: A global climatology of wind- wave interaction. J. Phys. Ocanogr., 40, 1263-1282.
Harris, D. L., 1966: The wave-driven wind, J. Atmos. Sci., 23, 688–693.
Jiménez, P. A., J. Dudhia, J. F. González-Rouco, J. Navarro, J. P. Montávez, and E. García-Bustamante, 2012: A Revised Scheme for the WRF Surface Layer Formulation, Mon. Wea. Rev., 140, 898-918.
Jochum, M., R. Murtugudde, R. Ferrari, and P. Malanotte-Rizzoli. 2005: The impact of horizontal resolution on the equatorial mixed layer heat budget in ocean general circulation models, J. Climate, 18, 841–851.
Jochum, M., M. F. Cronin, W. S. Kessler, and D. Shea, 2007: Observed horizontal temperature advection by tropical instability waves, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L09604.
Jochum, M., and R. Murtugudde, 2006: Temperature advection by tropical instability waves, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 36, 592–605.
Hashizume, H., S.-P. Xie, W. T. Liu, and K. Takeuchi, 2001: Local and remote atmospheric response to tropical instability waves: A global view from space. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 10 173–10 185.
Hashizume, H., Xie, S., Fujiwara, M., Shiotani, M., Watanabe, T., Tanimoto, Y., Liu, W. T., and Takeuchi, K., 2002: Direct Observations of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Response to SST Variations Associated with Tropical Instability Waves over the Eastern Equatorial Pacific, J. Climate, 15, 3379-3393.
Kantha, L.H., 2006: A note on the decay rate of swell. Ocean Modelling, 11, 167- 173.
Kessler, W. S., L. M. Rothstein, and D. Chen, 1998: The annual cycle of SST in the eastern tropical Pacific as diagnosed in an OGCM, J. Climate, 11, 777–799.
Kessler, W.S., S. E. Wijffels, S. Cravatte, N. Smith, and Lead Authors, 2019: Second Report of TPOS 2020. GOOS-234, 265 pp [Available online at http://tpos2020.org/second-report/.] Li, Q., and Fox-Kemper, B., 2017: Assessing the effects of Langmuir turbulence on the entrainment buoyancy flux in the ocean surface boundary layer. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 47, 2863–2886.
Li, Q., Webb, A., Fox-Kemper, B., Craig, A., Danabasoglu, G., Large, W. G., and Vertenstein, M., 2016: Langmuir mixing effects on global climate: WAVEWATCH III in CESM. Ocean Modelling, 103, 145–160.
Luo, J.-J., S. Masson, E. Roeckner, G. Madec, and T. Yamagata, 2005: Reducing climatology bias in an ocean–atmosphere CGCM with improved coupling physics. J. Climate, 18, 2344–2360.
Lyer, S., J. Thomson, E. J. Thompson, and K. Drushka, 2021: Variations in wave slope and momentum flux from wave-current interactions in the tropical trade winds. ESSOAr, https://doi.org/10.1002/essoar.10508004.1
Lukas, R., and E. Lindstrom, 1991: The mixed layer of the western equatorial Pacific. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 3343–3357.
Masich, J., Kessler, W. S., Cronin, M. F., and Grissom, K. R., 2021: Diurnal cycles of near-surface currents across the tropical Pacific. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 126, e2020JC016982.
Menkes, C. E. R., J. G. Vialard, S. C. Kennan, J.-P. Boulanger, and G. V. Madec, 2006: A modelling study of the impact of tropical instability waves on the heat budget of the eastern equatorial Pacific, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 36, 847–865.
McPhaden, M.J. and J. Picaut, 1990: El Niño-Southern Oscillation displacements of the western equatorial Pacific warm pool. Science, 250, 1385–1388.
Moum, J., Perlin, A., Nash, J. et al., 2013: Seasonal sea surface cooling in the equatorial Pacific cold tongue controlled by ocean mixing. Nature 500, 64–67.
Moum, J., Lien, RC., Perlin, A. et al., 2009: Sea surface cooling at the Equator by subsurface mixing in tropical instability waves. Nature Geosci., 2, 761–765.
Nakanishi, M., and H. Niino, 2004: An improved Mellor–Yamada level-3 model with condensation physics: Its design and verification. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 112, 1–31.
Nakanishi, M., and H. Niino, 2008: An improved Mellor–Yamada level-3 model: Its numerical stability and application to a regional prediction of advection fog. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 119, 397–407.
Porchetta, S., O. Temel, D. Muñoz Esparza, J. Reuder, J. Monbaliu, J. van Beeck, and N. van Lipzig, 2019: A new roughness length parameterization accounting for wind–wave (mis)alignment. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 6681–6700.
Phillips, O. M., 1985: Spectral and statistical properties of the equilibrium rage in wind-generated gravity waves. J. Fluid. Mech., 156, 505-531.
Porchetta, S., O. Temel, J. Warner, D. Muñoz-Esparza, J. Monbaliu, J. van Beeck, N. van Lipzig, 2021: Evaluation of a roughness length parametrization accounting for wind–wave alignment in a coupled atmosphere–wave model. Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 147, 825–846.
Putrasahan, D., A. J. Miller, and H. Seo, 2013a: Regional coupled ocean-atmosphere downscaling in the Southeast Pacific: Impacts on upwelling, mesoscale air-sea fluxes, and ocean eddies. Ocean Dynm., 63, 463-488.
Putrasahan, D., A. J. Miller, H. Seo, 2013b: Isolating Mesoscale Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions in the Kuroshio Extension Region. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans., 63, 60-78.
Rascle, N., F. Ardhuin, P. Queffeulou, and D. Croize ́-Fillon, 2008: A global wave parameter database for geophysical applications. Part 1: Wave-current-turbulence interaction parameters for the open ocean based on traditional parameterizations, Ocean Modell., 25, 154 – 17.
Schneider, N., and B. Qiu, 2015: The atmospheric response to weak sea surface temperature fronts. J. Atmos. Sci., 72, 3356–3377.
Renault, L., M. J. Molemaker, J. C. McWilliams, A. F. Shchepetkin, F. Lemaré, D. Chelton, S. Illig, and A. Hall, 2016a: Modulation of wind work by oceanic current interaction with the atmosphere. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 46, 1685–1704.
Renault, L., Masson, S., Oerder, V., Jullien, S., and Colas, F., 2019: Disentangling the mesoscale ocean-atmosphere interactions. J. Geophys. Res: Oceans, 124, 2164–2178.
Roberts, C. D., Vitart, F., Balmaseda, M. A., and Molteni, F., 2020: The Time-Scale-Dependent Response of the Wintertime North Atlantic to Increased Ocean Model Resolution in a Coupled Forecast Model, J. Climate, 33, 3663-3689.
Sauvage, C., H. Seo, C. A. Clayson, and J. B. Edson, Impacts of waves and sea states on air-sea flux in the Northwest Tropical Atlantic Ocean: parameterization and wave coupled climate modeling. In preparation for submission to J. Geophys. Res. Oceans.
Seo, H., M. Jochum, R. Murtugudde and A. J. Miller, 2006: Effect of Ocean Mesoscale Variability on the Mean State of Tropical Atlantic Climate. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L09606.
Seo, H.A. J. Miller and J. O. Roads, 2007a: The Scripps Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Regional (SCOAR) model, with applications in the eastern Pacific sector. J. Climate, 20, 381-402.
Seo, H., M. Jochum, R. Murtugudde, A. J. Miller, and J. O. Roads, 2007b: Feedback of Tropical Instability Wave – induced Atmospheric Variability onto the Ocean. J. Climate, 20, 5842-5855.
Seo, H., R. Murtugudde, M. Jochum, and A. J. Miller, 2008a: Modeling of Mesoscale Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction and its Feedback to Ocean in the Western Arabian Sea. Ocean Modell., 25, 120-131.
Seo, H., M. Jochum, R. Murtugudde, A. J. Miller, and J. O. Roads, 2008b: Precipitation from African Easterly Waves in a Coupled Model of the Tropical Atlantic. J. Climate, 21, 1417-1431.
Seo, H., S.-P. Xie, R. Murtugudde, M. Jochum, and A. J. Miller, 2009: Seasonal effects of Indian Ocean freshwater forcing in a regional coupled model. J. Climate, 22, 6577-6596.
Seo, H., and S.-P. Xie, 2011: Response and Impact of Equatorial Ocean Dynamics and Tropical Instability Waves in the Tropical Atlantic under Global Warming: A regional coupled downscaling study. J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 116, C03026.
Seo, H. and S.-P. Xie, 2013: Impact of ocean warm layer thickness on the intensity of hurricane Katrina in a regional coupled model. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 122, 19-32.
Seo, H., Y.-O. Kwon, and J.-J. Park, 2014a: On the effect of the East/Japan Sea SST variability on the North Pacific atmospheric circulation in a regional climate model. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmospheres, 119, 418-444.
Seo, H., A. C. Subramanian, A. J. Miller, and N. R. Cavanaugh, 2014b: Coupled impacts of the diurnal cycle of sea surface temperature on the Madden-Julian Oscillation. J. Climate, 27, 8422-8443.
Seo, H., A. J. Miller, and J. R. Norris, 2016: Eddy-wind interaction in the California Current System: dynamics and impacts, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 46, 439-459.
Seo, H., Y.-O. Kwon, T. M. Joyce, and C. C. Ummenhofer, 2017: On the predominant nonlinear response of the extratropical atmosphere to meridional shift of the Gulf Stream. J. Climate, 30, 9679-9702.
Seo, H., 2017: Distinct influence of air-sea interactions mediated by mesoscale sea surface temperature and surface current in the Arabian Sea. J. Climate, 30, 8061-8079.
Seo, H., A. C. Subramanian, H. Song, and J. S. Chowdary, 2019: Coupled effects of ocean current on wind stress in the Bay of Bengal: Eddy energetics and upper ocean stratification. Deep-Sea Res. II, 168, 104617.
Seo, H., H. Song, L. W. O’Neill, M. R. Mazloff, and B. D. Cornuelle, 2021: Impacts of ocean currents on the South Indian Ocean extratropical storm track through the relative wind effect. J. Climate, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-21-0142.1.
Air-Sea Interaction Working Group, including H. Seo, L. O’Neill, M. Bourassa, A. Czaja, K. Drushka, J. Edsonm B. Fox-Kemper, I. Frenger, S. Gille, B. Kirtman, S. Minobe, A. Pendergrass, L. Renault, M. Roberts, N. Schneider, J. Small, A. Stoffelen, and Qing Wang. Mesoscale and frontal-scale ocean-atmosphere interactions and influence on large-scale climate: A review. In prep for submission to J. Climate in December, 2021.
Shchepetkin, A. F. and J. C. McWilliams, 2005: The regional oceanic modeling system (ROMS): A split-explicit, free-surface, topography-following-coordinate ocean model. Ocean Modell., 9, 347–404.
Skamarock, W. C., J. B. Klemp, J. Dudhia, D. O. Gill, D. M. Barker, M. G. Duda, X. Huang, W. Wang, and J. G. Powers, 2008: A description of the advanced research WRF version 3. Rep. NCAR/TN–475+STR, Natl. Cent. for Atmos. Res., Boulder, Colo.
Song, Q., P. Cornillon, and T. Hara, 2006: Surface wind response to oceanic fronts. J. Geophys. Res., 111, C12006.
Smedman, A.-S., U. Högström, E. Sahleé, W.M. Drennan, K.K. Kahma, H. Pettersson, and F. Zhang, 2009: Observational Study of Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer Characteristics during Swell. J. Atmos. Sci., 66, 2747-2763.
Semedo, A., Sušelj, K., Rutgersson, A., and Sterl, A., 2011: A Global View on the Wind Sea and Swell Climate and Variability from ERA-40, J. Climate, 24, 1461-1479.
Shinoda, T., 2005: Impact of the diurnal cycle of solar radiation on intraseasonal SST variability in the western equatorial Pacific. J. Climate, 18, 2628–2636.
Shinoda, T., Hendon, H. H., and Glick, J., 1998: Intraseasonal Variability of Surface Fluxes and Sea Surface Temperature in the Tropical Western Pacific and Indian Oceans, J. Climate, 11, 1685-1702.
Small, R. J., S. de Szoeke, S. P. Xie, L. O’Neill, H. Seo, Q. Song, P. Cornillon, M. Spall, and S. Minobe, 2008: Air-Sea Interaction over Ocean Fronts and Eddies. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 45, 274-319.
Stevens, B., and coauthors, 2021: EUREC4A, Earth System Science Data, 13, 4067-4119.
Sullivan, P. P., J. C. McWilliams, and E. G. Patton, 2014: Large-eddy simulation of marine boundary layers above a spectrum of moving waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 71, 4001-4027.
Sullivan, P. P., M. L. Banner, R. P. Morison, and W. L. Peirson, 2018: Turbulent Flow over Steep Steady and Unsteady Waves under Strong Wind Forcing. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 48, 3–27.
Haarsma, R. J. et al. 2016: High Resolution Model Intercomparison Project (HighResMIP v1.0) for CMIP6. Geosci Model Dev., 9, 4185–4208.
Takatama, K., and Schneider, N., 2017: The Role of Back Pressure in the Atmospheric Response to Surface Stress Induced by the Kuroshio, J. Atmos. Sci., 74, 597-615.
Thum, N., S. K. Esbensen, D. B. Chelton, and M. J. McPhaden, 2002: Air–sea heat exchange along the northern sea surface temperature front in the eastern tropical Pacific. J. Climate, 15, 3361–3378.
Tolman, H. L., B. Balasubramaniyan, L. D. Burroughs, D. V. Chalikov, Y. Y. Chao, H. S. Chen, and V. M. Gerald, 2002: Development and implementation of wind generated ocean surface wave models at NCEP. Wea. Forecasting, 17, 311-333.
Tolman, H. L., 2009: User manual and documentation of WAVEWATCH III version 3.14. NOAA/NWS/NCEP/MMAB Tech. Note 276, 219 pp.
Villas Bôas, A. B., B. D. Cornuelle, M. R. Mazloff, S. T. Gille, and F. Ardhuin, 2020: Wave–current interactions at meso- and submesoscales: Insights from idealized numerical simulations. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 50, 3483-3500.
Villas Bôas, A. B. and N. Pizzo, 2021: The geometry, kinematics, and dynamics of the two-way coupling between wind, waves, and currents. US CLIVAR Variations., 19, 18-26.
Warner, J. C., C. R. Sherwood, H. G. Arango, and R. P. Signell, 2005: Performance of four turbulence closure methods implemented using a generic length scale method, Ocean Modell., 8, 81-113.
Weller, R. A., and S. P. Anderson, 1996: Surface meteorology and air-sea fluxes in the western equatorial Pacific warm pool during the TOGA Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment, J. Climate, 9, 1959–1990.
Woolnough, S. J., Slingo, J. M., and Hoskins, B. J., 2000: The Relationship between Convection and Sea Surface Temperature on Intraseasonal Timescales, J. Climate, 13, 2086-2104.
Yoshida, K., 1959: A theory of the Cromwell current (the equatorial undercurrent) and of the equatorial upwelling—An interpretation in a similarity to a coastal circulation, J. Oceanogr. Soc. Jpn., 15, 159–170.

2021 October Climate-AI Proposal
Albers, J. R., & Newman, M. (2019). A Priori Identification of Skillful Extratropical Subseasonal Forecasts. Geophysical Research Letters, 46, 12527–12536. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL085270.
Athanasiadis, P., Yeager, S., Kwon, Y.-O., Bellucci, A., Smith, D.W., & Tibaldi, S. (2020). Decadal predictability of North Atlantic blocking and the NAO. npj Climate and Atmospheric Science, 3, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-020-0120-6.
Barnes, E. A., & Barnes, R. J. (2021). Controlled abstention neural networks for identifying skillful predictions for regression problems. 1–19. http://arxiv.org/abs/2104.08236.
Barnett, T. P., & Preisendorfer, R. (1987). Origins and Levels of Monthly and Seasonal Forecast Skill for United States Surface Air Temperatures Determined by Canonical Correlation Analysis. Monthly Weather Review, 115, 1825–1850. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1987)1152.0.CO;2.
Bartusek, S., H. Seo, C.C. Ummenhofer, & J. Steffen, (2021). The role of nearshore air-sea interactions for landfalling atmospheric rivers on the U.S. West Coast. Geophysical Research Letters 48: doi:10.1029/2020GL091388.
Beucler, T., Pritchard, M., Rasp, S., Ott, J., Baldi, P., & Gentine, P. (2021). Enforcing Analytic Constraints in Neural Networks Emulating Physical Systems. Physical Review Letters, 126(9), 98302. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.126.098302.
Bolton, T., & Zanna, L. (2019). Applications of Deep Learning to Ocean Data Inference and Subgrid Parameterization. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 11, 376–399. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018MS001472.
Breeden, M. L., Hoover, B. T., Newman, M., & Vimont, D. J. (2020). Optimal North pacific blocking precursors and their deterministic subseasonal evolution during boreal winter. Monthly Weather Review, 148, 739–761. https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-19-0273.1.
Bretherton, C. S., Smith, C., & Wallace, J. M. (1992). An Intercomparison of Methods for Finding Coupled Patterns in Climate Data. Journal of Climate, 5, 541–560.
Czaja, A., Frankignoul, C., Minobe, S. & Vannière, B. (2019) Simulating the Midlatitude Atmospheric Circulation: What Might We Gain From High-Resolution Modeling of Air-Sea Interactions? Current Climate Change Report, 5, 390–406.
Davenport, F. V., & Diffenbaugh, N. S. (2021). Using machine learning to analyze physical causes of climate change: A case study of U.S. Midwest extreme precipitation. Geophysical Research Letters, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL093787.
DiLuzio, M., G.L. Johnson, C. Daly, J.K. Eischeid, and J.G. Arnold. (2008). Constructing retrospective gridded daily precipitation and temperature datasets for the conterminous United States. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 47, 475-497.
Foster, D., Gagne, D. J., & Whitt, D. B. (2021). Probabilistic Machine Learning Estimation of Ocean Mixed Layer Depth from Dense Satellite and Sparse In-Situ Observations. Earth and Space Science Open Archive ESSOAr, 1–30.
Guillaumin, A. P., & Zanna, L. (2021). Stochastic‐Deep Learning Parameterization of Ocean Momentum Forcing. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 13(9), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021ms002534.
Haarsma, R. J. et al., (2016). High Resolution Model Intercomparison Project (HighResMIP v1.0) for CMIP6. Geoscience Model Development 9, 4185–4208.
He, S., Li, X., DelSole, T., Ravikumar, P., & Banerjee, A. (2021). Sub-Seasonal Climate Forecasting via Machine Learning: Challenges, Analysis, and Advances. AAAI, 169–177. http://arxiv.org/abs/2006.07972.
Hersbach, H., B. Bell, P. Berrisford, S. Hirahara, A. Horany, J. Munoz-Sabater, J. Nicolas, C. Peubey, R. Radu, D. Schepers, A. Simmons, C. Soci, A. Abdalla, X. Abellan, G. Balsamo, P. Bechtold, G. Biavati, J. Bidlot, M. Bonavita, G. deChiara, P. Dahlgren, D. Dee, M Diamantakis, R. Dragani, J. Fleming, R. Forbes, M. Fuentes, A. Geer, L. Haimberger, S. Healey, R.J. Hogan, E. Holm, M. Janiskova, S. Keeley, P. Laloyaux, P. Lopez, C. Lupu, G. Radnoti, P. de Rosnay, I. Rozum, F. Vamborg, S. Villaume & J.-N. Thepaut, (2020). The ERA5 global reanalysis. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 146, 1999-2049.
Huang, C. S. Y., & Nakamura, N. (2016). Local finite-amplitude wave activity as a diagnostic of anomalous weather events. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 73(1), 211–229. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-15-0194.1.
Huffman, G. J., Bolvin, D. T., Nelkin, E. J., Wolff, D. B., Adler, R. F., Gu, G., Hong, Y., Bowman, K. P., & Stocker, E. F. (2007). Precipitation Analysis (TMPA): Quasi-global, multiyear, combined-sensor precipitation estimates at fine scales. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 8, 38–55.
Hwang, J., Orenstein, P., Cohen, J., Pfeiffer, K., & Mackey, L. (2019). Improving subseasonal forecasting in the western U.S. With machine learning. Proceedings of the ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, 2325–2335. https://doi.org/10.1145/3292500.3330674.
Johnson, N. C., Collins, D. C., Feldstein, S. B., L’heureux, M. L., & Riddle, E. E. (2014). Skillful wintertime North American temperature forecasts out to 4 weeks based on the state of ENSO and the MJO. Weather and Forecasting, 29, 23–38. https://doi.org/10.1175/WAF-D-13-00102.1.
Joyce, T.M., Y.-O. Kwon, H. Seo, and C.C. Ummenhofer (2019). Meridional Gulf Stream shifts can influence wintertime variability in the North Atlantic storm track and Greenland blocking. Geophysical Research Letters 46: 1702-1708.
Kang, D., Dhar, D., & Chan, A. B. (2017). Incorporating side information by adaptive convolution. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 2017, 3868–3878.
Kelly, K. A., Small, R. J., Samelson, R. M., Qiu, B., Joyce, T. M., Kwon, Y. O., & Cronin, M. F. (2010). Western boundary currents and frontal air-sea interaction: Gulf stream and Kuroshio Extension. Journal of Climate, 23(21), 5644–5667. https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JCLI3346.1.
Kwon, Y.-O., and C. Deser (2007). North Pacific decadal variability in Community Climate System Model version 2. Journal of Climate, 20, 2416-2433.
Kwon, Y.-O., and T.M. Joyce (2013). Northern Hemisphere winter atmospheric transient eddy heat fluxes and the Gulf Stream and Kuroshio-Oyashio extension variability. Journal of Climate, 26, 9839-9859.
Kwon, Y.-O., M.A. Alexander, N.A. Bond, C. Frankignoul, H. Nakamura, B. Qiu, L. Thompson, 2010. Role of Gulf Stream and Kuroshio-Oyashio systems in large-scale atmosphere-ocean interaction: A review. Journal of Climate 23: 3249-3281.
Kwon, Y.-O., C. Deser, and C. Cassou, 2011. Coupled atmosphere – mixed layer ocean response to ocean heat flux convergence along the Kuroshio Current Extension. Climate Dynamics 36: 2295-2312.
Kwon, Y.-O., and C. Frankignoul (2012). Stochastically-driven multi-decadal variability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation in CCSM3. Climate Dynamics 38: 895-876.
Kwon, Y.-O., H. Seo, C.C. Ummenhofer, and T.M. Joyce, 2020. Impact of multidecadal variability in Atlantic SST on winter atmospheric blocking. Journal of Climate 33: 867-892.
Lang, A., K. Pegion, and E. A. Barnes (2020). Introduction to Special Collection: “Bridging Weaqther and Climate: Subseasonal-to-Seasona (S2S) Prediction.” JGR Atmospheres, 125: 4 doi:10.1029/2019JD031833.
Lellouche, J.M., E. Greiner, R. Bourdallé-Badie, G. Garric, A. Melet, M. Drévillon, C. Bricaud, M. Hamon, O. Le Galloudec, C, Regnier, T. Candela, C.-E. Testut, F. Gasparin, G. Ruggiero, M. Benkiran, Y. Drillet, P.-Y. Le Traon (2021). The Copernicus Global 1/12° Oceanic and Sea Ice GLORYS12 Reanalysis. Frontiers in Earth Science, 9, doi:10.3389/feart.2021.698876.Li, L., R.W. Schmitt, C.C. Ummenhofer, and K.B. Karnauskas (2016a). North Atlantic salinity as a predictor of Sahel rainfall. Science Advances 2: doi:10.1126/sciadv.1501588.
Li, L., R.W. Schmitt, C.C. Ummenhofer, and K.B. Karnauskas (2016b). Implications of North Atlantic sea surface salinity for summer precipitation over the US Midwest: Mechanisms and predictive value. Journal of Climate 29: 3143-3159.
Li, L., R.W. Schmitt, and C.C. Ummenhofer (2018). The role of the subtropical North Atlantic water cycle for the 2015 extreme precipitation events in the US. Climate Dynamics, 50, 1291-1305.
Liu, X., et al. (2021). Ocean fronts and eddies force atmospheric rivers and heavy precipitation in western North America. Nat Communications 12, 1268. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-21504-w.
Liang, Y.-C., M.-H. Lo, C.-W. Lan, H. Seo, C.C. Ummenhofer, S. Yeager, R.-J. Wu, and D.D. Steffen (2020). Amplified seasonal cycle in hydroclimate over the Amazon river basin and its plume region in the Atlantic. Nature Communications, doi:10.1038/s41467-020-18187-0.
Ma, X., Chang, P., Saravanan, R., Montuoro, R., Hsieh, J. S., Wu, D., Lin, X., Wu, L., & Jing, Z. (2015). Distant Influence of Kuroshio Eddies on North Pacific Weather Patterns? Scientific Reports, 5, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep17785.
Ma, X., Chang, P., Saravanan, R., Montuoro, R., Nakamura, H., Wu, D., Lin, X., & Wu, L. (2017). Importance of resolving kuroshio front and eddy influence in simulating the north pacific storm track. Journal of Climate, 30, 1861–1880. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0154.1.
Mariotti, A., Ruti, P.M. & Rixen, M. (2018). Progress in subseasonal to seasonal prediction through a joint weather and climate community effort. npj Climate and Atmospheric Science, 1, doi:10.1038/s41612-018-0014-z.
Mariotti, A., Baggett, C., Barnes, E. A., Becker, E., Butler, A., Collins, D. C., Dirmeyer, P. A., Ferranti, L., Johnson, N. C., Jones, J., Kirtman, B. P., Lang, A. L., Molod, A., Newman, M., Robertson, A. W., Schubert, S., Waliser, D. E., & Albers, J. (2020). Windows of opportunity for skillful forecasts subseasonal to seasonal and beyond. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 101(5), E608–E625. https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-18-0326.1.
Mayer, K. J., & Barnes, E. A. (2020). Subseasonal Forecasts of Opportunity Identified by an Interpretable Neural Network. 1–11. http://www.essoar.org/doi/10.1002/essoar.10505448.1.
Minaee, S., Boykov, Y. Y., Porikli, F., Plaza, A. J., Kehtarnavaz, N., & Terzopoulos, D. (2021). Image Segmentation Using Deep Learning: A Survey. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPAMI.2021.3059968.
Nakamura, N., & Huang, C. S. Y. (2017). Local wave activity and the onset of blocking along a potential vorticity front. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 74(7), 2341–2362. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-17-0029.1.
Nakamura, N., & Huang, C. S. Y. (2018). Atmospheric blocking as a traffic jam in the jet stream. Science, 361, 42–47. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aat0721.
O’Neill, L.W., Haack, T., Chelton, D. B., & Skyllingstad, E. (2017). The Gulf Stream Convergence Zone in the Time-Mean Winds. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 74, 2383-2412.
O’Reilly, C. H., & Czaja, A. (2015). The response of the Pacific storm track and atmospheric circulation to Kuroshio Extension variability. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 141(686), 52–66. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2334.
O’Reilly, C. H., Minobe, S., & Kuwano, A. (2016). The influence of the Gulf Stream on wintertime European blocking. Climate Dynamics, 47(5), 1545–1567. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-015-2919-0.
Parfitt, R., & Czaja, A. (2016). On the contribution of synoptic transients to the mean atmospheric state in the Gulf Stream region. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 142, 1554–1561. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2689.
Parfitt, R. & H. Seo (2017). A new framework for near-surface wind convergence over the Kuroshio Extension and Gulf Stream in wintertime: The role of atmospheric fronts. Geophysical Research Letters , 45, 9909–9918. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL080135.
Pegion, K., Kirtman, B. P., Becker, E., Collins, D. C., LaJoie, E., Burgman, R., Bell, R., DelSole, T., Min, D., Zhu, Y., Li, W., Sinsky, E., Guan, H., Gottschalck, J., Metzger, E. J., Barton, N. P., Achuthavarier, D., Marshak, J., Koster, R. D., … Kim, H. (2019). The Subseasonal Experiment (SubX): A Multimodel Subseasonal Prediction Experiment. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 100, 2043–2060. https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-18-0270.1.
Pook, M.J., J.S. Risbey, P.C. McIntosh, C.C. Ummenhofer, A. Marshall, and G.A. Meyers (2013). The seasonal cycle of blocking and associated mechanisms in the Australian region and relationship with rainfall. Monthly Weather Review 141: 4534-4553.
Qiu, B., Schneider, N. & Chen, S. (2007). Coupled Decadal Variability in the North Pacific: An Observationally Constrained Idealized Model. J. Climate 20, 3602–3620.
Qiu, B., Chen, S., Schneider, N., Oka, E. & Sugimoto, S. (2020). On the Reset of the Wind-Forced Decadal Kuroshio Extension Variability in Late 2017. Journal of Climate 33, 10813–10828.
Rathore S, N. L. Bindoff, C. C. Ummenhofer, H. E. Phillips, and M. Feng (2020). Near-surface salinity reveals the oceanic sources of moisture for Australian precipitation through atmospheric moisture transport. Journal of Climate 33: 6707-6730.
Rathore, S., N. L. Bindoff, C. C. Ummenhofer, H. E. Phillips, and M. Feng (2021). Improving Australian rainfall prediction using sea surface salinity. Journal of Climate 34: 2473-2490.
Reynolds, R. W., Smith, T. M., Liu, C., Chelton, D. B., Casey, K. S., & Schlax, M. G. (2007). Daily High-Resolution-Blended Analyses for Sea Surface Temperature. Journal of Climate, 20, 5473-5496.
Robertson, A. W., & Vitart, F. (2019). Sub-Seasonal to Seasonal Prediction. In Sub-seasonal to Seasonal Prediction: The Gap Between Weather and Climate Forecasting (Issue January). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2016-0-01594-2.
Samarasinghe, S. M., Connolly, C., Barnes, E. A., Ebert-Uphoff, I., & Sun, L. (2021). Strengthened Causal Connections Between the MJO and the North Atlantic With Climate Warming. Geophysical Research Letters, 48, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL091168.
Seo, H., A.J. Miller, and J.O. Roads, 2007: The Scripps Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Regional (SCOAR) model, with applications in the eastern Pacific sector. Journal of Climate, 20, 381-402.
Seo, H., Y.-O. Kwon, and J.-J. Park (2014a). On the effect of the East/Japan Sea SST variability on the North Pacific atmospheric circulation in a regional climate model. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 119, 418-444.
Seo, H., A. C. Subramanian, A. J. Miller, and N. R. Cavanaugh (2014b). Coupled impacts of the diurnal cycle of sea surface temperature on the Madden-Julian Oscillation. Journal of Climate, 27, 8422-8443.
Seo, H., A. J. Miller, and J. R. Norris (2016) Eddy-wind interaction in the California Current System: dynamics and impacts. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 46, 439-459.
Seo, H., Y.-O. Kwon, T. M. Joyce, and C. C. Ummenhofer (2017). On the predominant nonlinear response of the extratropical atmosphere to meridional shifts of the Gulf Stream. Journal of Climate 30: 9679-9702.
Seo, H., H. Song, L. W. O’Neill, M. R. Mazloff, and B. D. Cornuelle (2021). Impacts of ocean currents on the South Indian Ocean extratropical storm track through the relative wind effect. Journal of Climate, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-21-0142.1.
Siqueira, L., Kirtman, B. P. & Laurindo, L. C. (2021). Forecasting Remote Atmospheric Responses to Decadal Kuroshio Stability Transitions. Journal of Climate, 34, 379–395.
Smirnov, D., Newman, M., Alexander, M. A., Kwon, Y.-O., & Frankignoul, C. (2015). Investigating the Local Atmospheric Response to a Realistic Shift in the Oyashio Sea Surface Temperature Front. Journal of Climate, 28, 1126–1147. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00285.1.
Tseng, K. C., Johnson, N. C., Maloney, E. D., Barnes, E. A., & Kapnick, S. B. (2021). Mapping large-scale climate variability to hydrological extremes: An application of the linear inverse model to subseasonal prediction. Journal of Climate, 34, 4207–4225. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-20-0502.1.
Ummenhofer, C.C., A. Sen Gupta, M.J. Pook, and M.H. England (2008). Anomalous rainfall over southwest Western Australia forced by Indian Ocean sea surface temperatures. Journal of Climate 21: 5113-5134.
Ummenhofer, C.C., M.H. England, P.C. McIntosh, G.A. Meyers, M.J. Pook, J.S. Risbey, A. Sen Gupta and A.S. Taschetto (2009a). What causes Southeast Australia’s worst droughts? Geophysical Research Letters 36: L04706, doi:10.1029/2008GL036801.
Ummenhofer, C.C., A. Sen Gupta, M.H. England, and C.J.C. Reason (2009b). Contributions of Indian Ocean sea surface temperatures to enhanced East African rainfall. Journal of Climate 22: 993-1013.
Ummenhofer, C.C., A. Sen Gupta, P.R. Briggs, M.H. England, P.C. McIntosh, Meyers, G.A., M.J. Pook, M.R. Raupach, and J.S. Risbey (2011). Indian and Pacific Ocean influences on Southeast Australian drought and soil moisture. Journal of Climate 24: 1313-1336.
Ummenhofer, C.C., R.D. D’Arrigo, K.J. Anchukaitis, B.M. Brendan, and E.R. Cook (2013a). Links between Indo-Pacific climate variability and drought in the Monsoon Asia Drought Atlas. Climate Dynamics 40: 1319-1334.
Ummenhofer, C.C., P.C. McIntosh, M.J. Pook, and J.S. Risbey (2013b). Impact of surface forcing on Southern Hemisphere atmospheric blocking in the Australia-New Zealand sector. Journal of Climate 26: 8476-8494.
Ummenhofer, C.C., A. Sen Gupta, M.H. England, A.S. Taschetto, P. Briggs, and M.R. Raupach (2015). How did ocean warming affect Australian rainfall extremes during the 2010/2011 La Nina event? Geophysical Research Letters 42: 9942-9951.
Ummenhofer, C.C. & G.A. Meehl (2017). Extreme weather and climate events with ecological relevance – A review. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B, 372, doi:10.1098/rstb.2016.0135.
Ummenhofer, C.C., H. Seo, Y.-O. Kwon, R. Parfitt, S. Brands, and T.M. Joyce (2017). Emerging European winter precipitation pattern linked to atmospheric circulation changes over the North Atlantic region in recent decades. Geophysical Research Letters 44: 8557-8566.
Ummenhofer, C.C., M. Kulüke, and J.E. Tierney (2018). Extremes in East African hydroclimate and links to Indo-Pacific variability on interannual to decadal timescales. Climate Dynamics 50: 2971-2991.
Ummenhofer, C.C., S.A. Murty, J. Sprintall, T. Lee, and N.J. Abram (2021). Recent heat and freshwater changes over the Indian Ocean region: variability, trends and mechanisms. Nature Reviews Earth and Environment 2: doi: 10.1038/s43017-021-00192-6.
Vitart, F., Ardilouze, C., Bonet, A., Brookshaw, A., Chen, M., Codorean, C., Déqué, M., Ferranti, L., Fucile, E., Fuentes, M., Hendon, H., Hodgson, J., Kang, H. S., Kumar, A., Lin, H., Liu, G., Liu, X., Malguzzi, P., Mallas, I., Zhang, L. (2017). The subseasonal to seasonal (S2S) prediction project database. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 98, 163–173. https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-16-0017.1.
Vitart, Frédéric, & Robertson, A. W. (2019). Introduction: Why Sub-seasonal to Seasonal Prediction (S2S)? In Sub-Seasonal to Seasonal Prediction (pp. 3–15). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-811714-9.00001-2.
Weyn, J. A., Durran, D. R., & Caruana, R. (2020). Improving Data-Driven Global Weather Prediction Using Deep Convolutional Neural Networks on a Cubed Sphere. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 12. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020MS002109.
Weyn, J. A., Durran, D. R., Caruana, R., & Cresswell-Clay, N. (2021). Sub-seasonal forecasting with a large ensemble of deep-learning weather prediction models. ArXiv, 1–29. http://arxiv.org/abs/2102.05107.
Wilkinson, M., et al. (2016). The FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship. Scientific Data 3, 160018. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2016.18.
Woollings, T., Barriopedro, D., Methven, J., Son, S. W., Martius, O., Harvey, B., Sillmann, J., Lupo, A. R., & Seneviratne, S. (2018). Blocking and its Response to Climate Change. Current Climate Change Reports, 4, 287–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40641-018-0108-z.